Theological Origins of Modernity

370 index
faith, in Luther’s theology, 109, 111,
116–19, 120–21, 125, 144, 322n63, 322n70,
323n86; debate with Erasmus and, 152,
153, 158, 159–60; nominalism and, 33,
106–8, 113, 127, 131
Fall: free will and, 142, 144, 149, 150, 159;
Hobbes and, 244; humanism and,
64, 70, 71, 76, 78, 104; Islam and, 290;
Luther vs. Calvin on, 344n64; modern
idea of progress and, 281; Poverty
Dispute and, 26. See also original sin
Fascism, 9, 279, 283
Faulhaber, Johannes, 175, 333n27
Feist, Hans, 354n12
Ferdinand II, 172, 175, 185
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 39, 278, 339n144
Ficino, Marsilio, 74, 81–82, 83–85, 316n45,
316n49, 316n51, 316nn54–55; Erasmus
and, 99, 150, 163; Luther and, 325n120;
Machiavelli and, 89, 91; Mersenne’s
attack on, 181; Pico and, 85, 86; Rosicrucians
and, 175
fi deism, 114, 181, 220, 349n128
Fisher, John, 326n19
Fleming, Noel, 337n90
Fludd, Robert, 175, 181, 210, 341n18
Flynn, Bernard C., 319n94, 340n147
Fontenelle, Bernard, 5
fortune: Descartes’ God as, 204; diminished
role of religion and, 271;
Hobbesian universe and, 225, 251,
345n73; humanist idea of, 31–32, 87, 281;
Machiavelli and, 92; Petrarch on, 48, 51,
54, 55, 76, 305n35
Foster, Jason, 344n64
Foster, Kenelm, 303n6, 304n10, 304n25,
305n26, 305n31, 305n43, 306n50, 306n55,
306n58, 307nn67–68, 307n70, 307n74,
307n77, 308nn80–81, 308n86, 308nn88–
89, 308nn91–93, 309nn95–97, 309n103,
309n115, 311n166, 314n24
four empire theory, 3, 79. See also Daniel
Foxe, John, 325n1
Francis, St., 25, 26, 27, 50, 51
Franciscan order: Augustine and, 57;
confl ict with papacy, 25–27, 47, 102,
300nn21–22; killing of heretics and, 130;
nominalism and, 27; Petrarch’s rela-
tions with, 50–51, 305n32; as primitivist
movement, 25
Frankfurt, Harry G., 339n131
Fraticelli, 25, 102
Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate, 173,
175, 176, 212
Fredrick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, 110,
136
freedom: in antiquity, 139–41, 146; Cold
War and, ix; Descartes and, 17, 171, 263,
355n19; Enlightenment and, 258–59, 277;
Erasmus on, 99, 261; French Revolution
and, 281; globalization and, ix, 285, 286;
Hegel on, 282, 283; Hobbes on, 17, 236,
355n19; Islamic theology and, 291; Kant
on, 7, 259, 260–61, 277; Luther/Erasmus
debate and, 262; Luther on, 111, 114,
119, 123, 326n19; Marx and Engels on,
298n19; modern idea of history and,
284, 285; modernity and, xi, 2, 5, 7, 8,
42, 277, 293; modern metaphysics and,
262; new antimodernists and, x; Nietzsche
on, 13; nominalism and, 24, 28,
29, 103; of omnipotent God, 21, 22–25,
26, 27–28; Petrarch on, 49, 304n19; Pico
on, 85–86; radical Hegelians and, 283;
Romantics and idealists on, 7, 278–79;
science and, 279–80; structuralism and,
359n47
free will: Arminianism and, 211; Augustine
on, 114, 133, 137, 142–43, 146–47;
Descartes and, 200, 205, 234, 268–69,
338n124, 340n151; early church and, 142;
Enlightenment and, 276; Ficino and,
84; Hobbes’ denial of, 41–42, 220–21,
235, 236, 252, 268, 352n149; humanism
and, 31, 34, 71, 137–38; Luther on,
144–46, 327n39; nominalism and, 108;
Pico on, 86; post-Enlightenment thinkers
and, 278; Reformation theology
and, 34; Salutati and, 77; Valla on, 80;
in Western thought, 139–44. See also
determinism; Erasmus’s debate with
Luther; freedom; will, human
French Revolution, 7, 43, 255, 260, 277–78,
281, 283
Freud, Sigmund: on Descartes, 177–78; on
Luther, 126; secularization and, 271