Theological Origins of Modernity

244, 349n120; priority of nature and,
17, 248, 249, 262–63, 271, 355n16; project
of, 222–26; religion’s role and, 271–72,
356n27; religion’s source and, 209,
341n2; republicanism and, 214, 216,
225, 342n24; on Scriptural interpretation,
248, 351n139, 352n141; theology of,
219–20, 225, 227–28, 246–54, 343n42,
345n71, 350n137, 352nn144–49, 356n23;
on three false doctrines, 208; on war of
all against all, 237, 239, 240–41, 245
Hoff man, Manfred, 319n96, 319nn99–101,
327n46
Hogeland, Cornelius van, 333n35
Holbach, Paul-Henri d’, 275, 276
Holcot, Robert, 27, 131, 174, 301n26
Holly, Robert, 334n41
Holocaust, 8, 130, 283
Holyoake, George Jacob, 356n24
Holy Roman Empire, 102
Holy Spirit: Catholicism and, 130; Hobbes
on, 250; Luther and, 126, 131, 153, 155,
196; scholastic theology and, 134
Hooker, Richard, 217, 341n6
Hooykass, R., 344n64
Horn, Georg, 4–5
Howell, Kenneth J., 344n64
Huguenots, 130, 172, 173
Huizinga, J., 297n9
humanism: antiquity and, 4, 5–6, 31, 32,
72–73, 75, 168, 227, 297n10; Augustine
and, 57, 75, 77, 87, 88, 308n85; Bacon
and, 38, 39; Cartesianism and, 5–6, 256,
312n4; Christianity and (see Christian
humanism); confl icting interpretations
of, 72–74; contradictions faced
by, 86–88; as cultural movement, 71;
Descartes and, 41, 171, 180, 183, 185, 192,
199, 200, 206, 335n66; English, 210, 212,
341n4; freedom of the will and, 31, 34,
71, 137–38; Hermetic thought and, 83,
210; Hobbes and, 42, 208, 214, 215–17,
223–24, 225, 236, 247, 254; individual
human being and, 31, 32, 41, 71, 75, 76,
81, 85; Islam and, 81, 292, 293, 361n5;
Italian, 71–72, 74–75, 77–92 (see also
Bruni, Leonardo; Ficino, Marsilio;
Machiavelli, Niccolò; Petrarch, Fran-
index 373
cesco; Pico de la Mirandola, Giovanni;
Salutati, Coluccio; Valla, Lorenzo);
logic and, 75, 314n23; Luther and, 103,
113–14, 119, 122, 128, 131–32, 135–36, 168;
Michelangelo and, 168; modernity
and, 226–27; nature and, 31–32, 85; as
nineteenth-century term, 71; nominalism
and, 32, 74–75, 261; Northern, 71, 74,
92–100 (see also Erasmus); origins of,
69–77; Pelagianism and, 32, 34, 76, 78,
226; Petrarch as model for, 49, 68, 70,
309n102; as philosophical position, 72,
312n4; Plato’s Symposium and, 309n95;
in quarrel of ancients and moderns,
256; Reformation and, 16–17, 32, 34–35,
93, 128, 132–35, 167, 261–62; Renaissance
and, 71, 297n14; Savonarola’s attack
on, 88; secular, 72, 73, 227, 293; senseperception
and, 217; the will and, 31, 32,
37, 73, 75, 79, 85, 122, 314n25
Hume, David, 40, 256, 259, 340n156, 355n11
Humiliati, 25
Hundred Years War, 15, 29
Hunt, Lynne, 357n37
Hunter, Michael, 343n40
Hurst, Derek, 344n60
Hus, Jan, 102, 103, 144, 145, 148, 210
Husserl, Edmund, 8, 285
Hutten, Ulrich von, 137
Hyperaspistes (Erasmus), 138, 161–67,
326n24
Hypognosticon, 155
idealism, 7, 17, 41, 278–79, 340n156
Ignatius Loyola, 177, 334n39
imagination: Descartes on, 191–92, 197–98,
200, 206, 267; Hobbes on, 232, 233, 267
imago dei: Augustine and, 133; Ficino and,
82, 84, 316n55; humanism and, 71, 76,
87; Neoplatonism and, 76, 104; Pico
and, 86; scholasticism and, 14; Valla
and, 80
imperialism, 10, 286, 292, 359n47
Incandela, Joseph Michael, 299n2
incarnation: humanism and, 291–92; Islam
and, 290, 291; Luther on, 113, 115, 116,
125–27, 321n41; tension within Christianity
about, 132–33