popper-logic-scientific-discovery

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There is nothing more necessary to the man of science than its history, and the <strong>logic</strong> of <strong>discovery</strong> . . . : the way error is detected, the use of hypothesis, of imagination, the mode of testing. Lord Acton
PREFACE TO THE FIRST ENGLISH EDITION, 1959 In my old preface of 1934 I tried to explain—too briefly, I am afraid— my attitude towards the then prevailing situation in philosophy, and especially towards linguistic philosophy and the school of language analysts of those days. In this new preface I intend to explain my attitude towards the present situation, and towards the two main schools of language analysts of today. Now as then, language analysts are important to me; not only as opponents, but also as allies, in so far as they seem to be almost the only philosophers left who keep alive some of the traditions of rational philosophy. Language analysts believe that there are no genuine philosophical problems, or that the problems of philosophy, if any, are problems of linguistic usage, or of the meaning of words. I, however, believe that there is at least one philosophical problem in which all thinking men are interested. It is the problem of cosmology: the problem of understanding the world—including ourselves, and our knowledge, as part of the world. All science is cosmology, I believe, and for me the interest of philosophy, no less than of science, lies solely in the contributions which it has made to it. For me, at any rate, both philosophy and science would lose all their attraction if they were to give up that pursuit. Admittedly, understanding the functions of our language is an important part of it; but explaining away our problems as merely linguistic ‘puzzles’ is not.
Page 2: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Page 5 and 6: Logik der Forschung first published
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Translators’ Note xii Pr
Page 10 and 11: contents ix 7 37 Logical Ranges. No
Page 12 and 13: iii Derivation of the First Form of
Page 14 and 15: translators’ note xiii In these n
Page 16 and 17: PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, 1934
Page 20 and 21: preface, 1959 xix Language analysts
Page 22 and 23: xxii preface, 1959 perception or kn
Page 24 and 25: preface, 1959 xxiii essence of phil
Page 26 and 27: preface, 1959 xxv elaborate and fam
Page 28: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 1960 and 1968 I wi
Page 32 and 33: 1 A SURVEY OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROB
Page 34 and 35: a survey of some fundamental proble
Page 42 and 43: trivial; for metaphysics has usuall
Page 46 and 47: non-contradictory, a possible world
Page 56 and 57: 2 ON THE PROBLEM OF A THEORY OF SCI
Page 58 and 59: on the problem of a theory of scien
Page 64: Part II Some Structural Components
Page 67 and 68: 38 some structural components of a
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40 some structural components of a
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5 THE PROBLEM OF THE EMPIRICAL BASI
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10 CORROBORATION, OR HOW A THEORY S
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284 appendices it is connected with
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APPENDIX ii The General Calculus of
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288 appendices —we obtain from (2
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APPENDIX iii Derivation of the Firs
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292 appendices (6,1) αF″(σ´ m.
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294 appendices after effect) in the
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296 appendices (b) An analogous met
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298 appendices position), then we a
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300 appendices incoherent photons.
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302 appendices interposition of a f
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304 appendices wave-packets (obtain
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306 appendices slit. This angle φ
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308 appendices latter, if we use hi
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310 new appendices The first two of
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APPENDIX *i Two Notes on Induction
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314 new appendices statements’;*
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316 new appendices be the source fr
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318 new appendices with the help of
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320 new appendices logical interpre
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322 new appendices It is desirable
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324 new appendices operations—con
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326 new appendices (3) It will be a
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328 new appendices (7) The derivati
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330 new appendices There are three
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332 new appendices that is to say,
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334 new appendices invalid, and sho
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336 new appendices simplified syste
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338 new appendices The following co
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340 new appendices able to show tha
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342 new appendices obtain p(a, c) =
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344 new appendices The second examp
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346 new appendices first consistenc
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348 new appendices S′ ={0, 1, 2,
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350 new appendices B1 is violated b
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352 new appendices always fill the
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354 new appendices It should be men
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APPENDIX *v Derivations in the Form
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358 new appendices (26) (Eb) (Ea) p
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360 new appendices (Applying B2 twi
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362 new appendices form: it is unco
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364 new appendices In order to prov
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366 new appendices which is neverth
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368 new appendices the other axioms
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370 new appendices between rain and
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372 new appendices in the widest po
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APPENDIX *vii Zero Probability and
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376 new appendices favourable possi
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378 new appendices (4) p(a) = lim p
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380 new appendices The same point m
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382 new appendices inferences from
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384 new appendices the required a a
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386 new appendices ‘universe’
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388 new appendices All this does no
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390 new appendices The fine-structu
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APPENDIX *viii Content, Simplicity,
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394 new appendices each entry repre
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396 new appendices But formula (*)
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398 new appendices (−) d(a 1)p(a
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400 new appendices thus becomes som
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APPENDIX *ix Corroboration, the Wei
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404 new appendices I will now brief
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406 new appendices of the brevity o
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408 new appendices who identify, ex
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410 new appendices Kemeny.) Therefo
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412 new appendices DEGREE OF CONFIR
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414 new appendices (4.5) C(x 1x 2 o
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416 new appendices strongly upon P(
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418 new appendices (vii) If C(x) =
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420 new appendices to be slightly a
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422 new appendices length, to take
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424 new appendices A THIRD NOTE ON
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426 new appendices (3) P(a) = P(a,
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428 new appendices behaviour of E a
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430 new appendices either if δ is
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432 new appendices statistical inte
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434 new appendices them, there is a
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436 new appendices statements e, f,
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438 new appendices simply deceive o
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APPENDIX *x Universals, Disposition
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442 new appendices One can easily s
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444 new appendices statement such a
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446 new appendices more abstract. T
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448 new appendices natural laws see
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450 new appendices indirect proof.
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452 new appendices physical theory
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454 new appendices is deducible fro
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456 new appendices A little reflect
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458 new appendices differ (if at al
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460 new appendices the world. And a
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462 new appendices the phenomenalis
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APPENDIX *xi On the Use and Misuse
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466 new appendices a gravitational
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468 new appendices with, its co-ord
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470 new appendices based upon his f
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472 new appendices moving freely be
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474 new appendices of insuperable b
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476 new appendices Einstein.) The m
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478 new appendices photographic pla
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480 new appendices My impression is
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482 new appendices letter were to b
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484 new appendices statistical desc
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486 new appendices
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488 new appendices
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490 name index Carnap, R. 7n, 13n,
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492 name index Mises, R. 133, 135n,
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SUBJECT INDEX Italicized page numbe
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496 subject index Binomial formula
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498 subject index Cosmology, its pr
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500 subject index Empirical basis s
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502 subject index and ad hoc hypoth
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504 subject index 150&nt, see also
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506 subject index Modus Ponens 71n,
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508 subject index 319-20; indutive
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510 subject index 142&n, 154n, 174&
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512 subject index experiment 474-5,
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