Falsifiability, degree of see Testability, degree of; never final or conclusive 20, 28, 60–7; not as a criterion of meaning see Demarcation versus meaning; of probability statements see Decidability; as a <strong>scientific</strong> characteristic of a theory section 6, 18–20, 28&n, 33, 48, 49n, 51, 55–6, 56, chapter IV, 57, 59, 60, section 21, 64–6, 72, 82, 89n, 190, 249–50, 251, 278, 313–16, 458–9, see also Asymmetry; Disproof; Testability Falsification, evasion of xx, xxiii–xxiv, 13; in probability 194&n, 195; of a theory 10, 20, 56, 56&n, 61, 63, section 22, 67, 71, 72, 82, 86, 90, 114–15, 255&n, 265, 279, 315–16, 317, 385n, 452, see also Asymmetry; Conventionalist stratagem; Decisions, concerning conventionalist stratagem and concerning outcome of tests; Disproof Falsity 72, 125n, 249, 256, 257, 260, 274–5, see also Elimination, method of; Potential falsifiers Field of application of a theory 113t–15, 268, 283&n, 284, 393–4, 394–6, 419n, 430n–1n Field of graphical representation of a theory section 39, 114–17, 394–5, see also Curves Field of probabilities, Borelian 336, 338, 350, 352–3t, 354–5 Fine structure, of probabilities 388t–91, 394 Fluctuationsprobabilistic 140–1, 165, 169, 193&n, 195–7, 198, 202, subject index 501 see also Deviations; Statistical stability Formalization 328, 329n, 333, see also Axioms Frame conditions 198t, 199, see also Experimental conditions Frequency see Probability; Relative frequency Frequency limit 154n, 157, 160, 173–5, 179, 187&n, 296, 371–2 Fruitfulness xix, 15–16, 28–9, 30–1, 42, 59, 63, 89, see also Evolution of science; Science, the aim of Gambling systems, exclusion of 160t, 161&n, 162–3, 166n, 167n, 370–2, see also Randomness; Selection Games of chance, classical theory of see Probability, formal calculus of, classical Generalization 45&n, 67n, 89, 123, 158–9, 270, 313, 442–4, 458–9, see also Induction; Names, universal; Universal statements; Universals, problem of Generating period xxvi, 151t, 152n, 154, 293–4 Geometry 51, 53, 116–19, section 45, 129–30, 316n Graphic representation see Curves; Field of graphic representation; Geometry Gravitation, corroboration of Einstein’s and Newton’s theories of 418n Heisenberg’s formulae 209, 213–15, 216, 218&n–19, 222, 223, 232–3, 246, 303–4; involves auxiliary
502 subject index and ad hoc hypothesis 238–93n, 468, 469–70; orthodox interpretation of 209, 210–11, 212–16, 216–17, 217–18, 218&n, 224, 226, 232–3, 242, 297–300, 301n–2n, 303, 467&n, 468, 470, 473–6, 482–3; positivist character of 213–14&n, 227–8, 245, 246, 301n–2n, 303, 473–6, 482–3; propensity interpretation of 220n, 222n, 229n; Schrödinger’s tentative interpretation of 230; statistical interpretation of 209, 210–11, 218–19, 220–3, 224–6, 230–1, 232–3, 242, 475&n, see also Heisenberg’s programme; Imaginary experiment; Meaning, positivist dogma of, its dogmatic character; Positivism; Statistical scatter relations Heisenberg’s programme section 73, 211–16, 223, 226–7, 245–6&n, 476 Heuristics 116, 325–8, 465–6 History 279n; of philosophy 317; of science 267, 316, see also Methods, historical Hypothesis, Hypothetical character of <strong>scientific</strong> statements 3, 4, 6, 51, 53, 53–4, 56, 129, 219n, 227–8, 244, 249–53, 264, 271–2, 278–81, 317–18, 380n, 414–15, 416, 434, 444–5, 454; ad hoc 20, 50, 59–61, 131, 272n, 379; auxiliary 20, 63, 131, 273; decidability of see Decidability;; existential 185t–8; falsifying low level 54, 67t&n, 94; statistical, statistical estimate of frequency, or statistical extrapolation section 57, 154n, 157–9&n, 169, 171n, 175, 177, 183–6, 196–200, 201, 202, 205, 244, 259, 293, 379, 400n, 427, 430–1, 434; universal-existential 185t&n, see also Certainty; Corroboration; Distribution; Equidistribution; Probability <strong>logic</strong>; Testability; Verification Idealization, its critical use 466–7, 469–70 Idempotence 331–2, 357–9 Imaginary experiments appendix xi, 464, 465–7; author’s 210, 227–8, section 77, 232–42, 304, appendix vii, 305–8, 475; Bohm’s 470–3; Bohr’s 238, appendix v, 297–300, 467–8, 470, 477–80; Carnot’s 465–6; of Einstein and Pauli 471–3; of Einstein, Podolski and Rosen 216n, 219n–20n, 467, 468–9, 470, 472, appendix xii, 483; Einstein’s 465–6, 470; Galileo’s 464&n–5; Heisenberg’s 224–6, 238, 466, 472–4, 475, 477; invalidity of 216n, 228n, 232n, 238n, 301n–2n, 467n, 475, 481–3; replaceable by that of Einstein, Podolski and Rosen 232n Imagination xvii, see also Boldness; Content; Intuition Implication or conditional 41&n, 46&n, 104n, 459–60; counterfactual, so-called 455t&n–6n, 460, 462; material 56n, 71n; modal or strict 455, 461, 462; necessary or subjunctive, or nomic 455t&n–6n, 456–7, 461, 462, 463, see also Necessity
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The Logic of Scientific Discovery
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Logik der Forschung first published
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CONTENTS Translators’ Note xii Pr
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contents ix 7 37 Logical Ranges. No
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iii Derivation of the First Form of
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translators’ note xiii In these n
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, 1934
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There is nothing more necessary to
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preface, 1959 xix Language analysts
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xxii preface, 1959 perception or kn
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preface, 1959 xxiii essence of phil
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preface, 1959 xxv elaborate and fam
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 1960 and 1968 I wi
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1 A SURVEY OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROB
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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trivial; for metaphysics has usuall
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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non-contradictory, a possible world
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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2 ON THE PROBLEM OF A THEORY OF SCI
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on the problem of a theory of scien
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on the problem of a theory of scien
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on the problem of a theory of scien
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Part II Some Structural Components
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5 THE PROBLEM OF THE EMPIRICAL BASI
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10 CORROBORATION, OR HOW A THEORY S
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284 appendices it is connected with
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APPENDIX ii The General Calculus of
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288 appendices —we obtain from (2
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APPENDIX iii Derivation of the Firs
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292 appendices (6,1) αF″(σ´ m.
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294 appendices after effect) in the
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296 appendices (b) An analogous met
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298 appendices position), then we a
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300 appendices incoherent photons.
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302 appendices interposition of a f
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304 appendices wave-packets (obtain
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306 appendices slit. This angle φ
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308 appendices latter, if we use hi
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310 new appendices The first two of
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APPENDIX *i Two Notes on Induction
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314 new appendices statements’;*
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316 new appendices be the source fr
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318 new appendices with the help of
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320 new appendices logical interpre
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322 new appendices It is desirable
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324 new appendices operations—con
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326 new appendices (3) It will be a
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328 new appendices (7) The derivati
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330 new appendices There are three
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332 new appendices that is to say,
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334 new appendices invalid, and sho
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336 new appendices simplified syste
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338 new appendices The following co
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340 new appendices able to show tha
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342 new appendices obtain p(a, c) =
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344 new appendices The second examp
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346 new appendices first consistenc
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348 new appendices S′ ={0, 1, 2,
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350 new appendices B1 is violated b
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352 new appendices always fill the
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354 new appendices It should be men
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APPENDIX *v Derivations in the Form
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358 new appendices (26) (Eb) (Ea) p
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360 new appendices (Applying B2 twi
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362 new appendices form: it is unco
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364 new appendices In order to prov
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366 new appendices which is neverth
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368 new appendices the other axioms
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370 new appendices between rain and
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372 new appendices in the widest po
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APPENDIX *vii Zero Probability and
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376 new appendices favourable possi
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378 new appendices (4) p(a) = lim p
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380 new appendices The same point m
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382 new appendices inferences from
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384 new appendices the required a a
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386 new appendices ‘universe’
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388 new appendices All this does no
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390 new appendices The fine-structu
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APPENDIX *viii Content, Simplicity,
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394 new appendices each entry repre
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396 new appendices But formula (*)
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398 new appendices (−) d(a 1)p(a
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400 new appendices thus becomes som
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APPENDIX *ix Corroboration, the Wei
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404 new appendices I will now brief
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406 new appendices of the brevity o
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410 new appendices Kemeny.) Therefo
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412 new appendices DEGREE OF CONFIR
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414 new appendices (4.5) C(x 1x 2 o
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416 new appendices strongly upon P(
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418 new appendices (vii) If C(x) =
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422 new appendices length, to take
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424 new appendices A THIRD NOTE ON
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426 new appendices (3) P(a) = P(a,
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428 new appendices behaviour of E a
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430 new appendices either if δ is
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432 new appendices statistical inte
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434 new appendices them, there is a
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436 new appendices statements e, f,
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438 new appendices simply deceive o
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APPENDIX *x Universals, Disposition
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442 new appendices One can easily s
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444 new appendices statement such a
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446 new appendices more abstract. T
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448 new appendices natural laws see
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