popper-logic-scientific-discovery

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TO MY WIFE who is responsible for the revival of this book
Page 2: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Page 5: Logik der Forschung first published
Page 9 and 10: viii contents PART II Some Structur
Page 11 and 12: x contents 9 64 Elimination of the
Page 13 and 14: TRANSLATORS’ NOTE The Logic of Sc
Page 15 and 16: Hypotheses are nets: only he who ca
Page 17 and 18: xvi preface, 1934 appeal to the fac
Page 19 and 20: PREFACE TO THE FIRST ENGLISH EDITIO
Page 21 and 22: xx preface, 1959 ‘methods’, I a
Page 23 and 24: preface, 1959 xxi The main reason f
Page 25 and 26: xxiv preface, 1959 to see their pro
Page 27 and 28: xxvi preface, 1959 knowledge. For i
Page 30: Part I Introduction to the Logic of
Page 33 and 34: 4 the logic of science statements (
Page 35 and 36: 6 the logic of science principle of
Page 37 and 38: 8 the logic of science us. Someone
Page 39 and 40: 10 the logic of science other state
Page 41 and 42: 12 the logic of science system of s
Page 43 and 44: 14 the logic of science by Schlick*
Page 45 and 46: 16 the logic of science that I am m
Page 47 and 48: 18 the logic of science Now in my v
Page 49 and 50: 20 the logic of science by introduc
Page 51 and 52: 22 the logic of science Here too a
Page 53 and 54: 24 the logic of science reproduced
Page 55 and 56: 26 the logic of science establish o
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28 the logic of science The way in
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30 the logic of science meaningful
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32 the logic of science 11 METHODOL
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34 the logic of science certainly t
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3 THEORIES The empirical sciences a
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theories 39 event in question. (The
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theories 41 8 ft.). Formal logic (i
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theories 43 the following kind: ‘
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theories 45 I believe that my usage
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etween universal and singular state
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theories 49 statement. On the contr
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from contradiction (whether self-co
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theories 53 but as a statement-equa
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theories 55 deduced from them. High
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4 FALSIFIABILITY The question wheth
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falsifiability 59 instruments satis
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on the ground that the experimenter
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falsifiability 63 findings of Miche
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falsifiability 65 and ‘A catastro
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falsifiability 67 hypothesis must b
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falsifiability 69 This suggests the
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various basic statements belonging
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falsifiability 73 consistency fail
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the problem of the empirical basis
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statement with a fact is nothing el
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(There is a widespread belief that
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have, after all, allowed psychologi
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6 DEGREES OF TESTABILITY Theories m
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actually encounter and observe, and
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33 DEGREES OF FALSIFIABILITY COMPAR
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degrees of testability 101 testabil
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versa. The better testable statemen
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of degrees of falsifiability to a l
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degrees of testability 107 statemen
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degrees of testability 109 demand t
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successful in guiding our choice be
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degrees of testability 113 would im
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a simple theorem of the theory of d
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zero dimensional classes 1 one dime
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degrees of testability 119 common,
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7 SIMPLICITY There seems to be litt
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simplicity 123 for one, gives a neg
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simplicity 125 criticism. It will a
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I have already shown that theories
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particularly simple; but a law whic
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experience; a point with which I ag
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8 PROBABILITY In this chapter I sha
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y mixing water and alcohol’, illu
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probability 137 probability stateme
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of the theory in its present form.
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if sequences of penny tosses showed
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modified, namely, so as to demand n
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How this is to be understood will b
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54 FINITE SEQUENCES. ORDINAL SELECT
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Since every element of α has eithe
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construct other sequences, again wi
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probability 153 begin with the segm
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probability 155 called a ‘referen
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probability 157 which the correspon
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questions about the origins or ‘s
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probability 161 example of a collec
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distances of the elements from an a
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probability 165 binomial formula (3
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probability 167 segment 0,0, anothe
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segments possessing the property
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probability 171 only slightly from
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63 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM AND THE PR
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probability 175 behaviour which I h
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probability 177 conversely: if it h
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probability 179 (2) Requirement of
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of the calculus of probability. Wit
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probability 183 upon my criterion o
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probability 185 property ‘1’, a
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probability 187 the uniqueness of p
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probability 189 interpreted as ‘m
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probability 191 probability, the ph
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probability 193 as molecular collis
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probability 195 magnitude of ε cha
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probability 197 But this answer rai
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probability 199 events are, or are
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probability 201 at times may indeed
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probability 203 class of occurrence
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probability 205 express all we know
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tion I regard the practicability of
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9 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON QUANTUM THEO
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some observations on quantum theory
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affected, for example by irradiatio
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outside it. Schrödinger later show
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mechanics. On this view, the theory
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78 INDETERMINIST METAPHYSICS some o
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corroboration, or how a theory stan
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APPENDIX i Definition of the Dimens
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appendix i 285 relatively atomic st
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(1,1) N(α.β.γ) N(α) N(α.β) N(
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To the numerator of this formula we
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assume that (2) holds for all n, m
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APPENDIX iv A Method of Constructin
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appendix iv 295 αF′(1) = αF′(
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APPENDIX v Examination of an Object
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appendix v 299 (c) In a similar way
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APPENDIX vi Concerning a Non-Predic
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appendix vi 303 This assumption, ho
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APPENDIX vii Remarks Concerning an
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holds, and therefore also (6) (7) |
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NOTE TO NEW APPENDICES, 1959 EDITIO
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new appendices 311 Yet I had not on
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views were discussed, by the Circle
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appendix *i 315 statement turns out
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appendix *i 317 either lead to an i
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APPENDIX *ii A Note on Probability,
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A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 There are at least o
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(An example of an interpretation of
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APPENDIX *iii On the Heuristic Use
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‘p(2) + p(4)’ we can write, mor
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APPENDIX *iv The Formal Theory of P
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interpretation according to which a
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p(x) = p(x). Thus the derivability
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where e is evidence in favour of th
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A1 There are elements c and d in S
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appendix *iv 339 C + , similarly, t
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A3 is needed to prove that p(a, a)
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(E) There are elements a, b, and c
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Now we can define, p(a, b) = lim q(
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appendix *iv 347 if we consider tha
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The redundancy of the usual systems
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among those elements of S which are
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appendix *iv 353 (ii) An admissible
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appendix *iv 355 Although every Bor
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A3 B1 B2 C p(a, a) = p(b, b). p(ab,
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(43) p(a, (bc)((ab)c)) = 1 42 (subs
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This is the generalization of the u
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(90) p(a, c) = p(b, c) → p(ā, c)
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Then we obtain: (i) If a and b are
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whether a necessary statement is ne
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APPENDIX *vi On Objective Disorder
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appendix *vi 371 which from the ver
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and also of the older appendix *ii.
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ook (sections 80, 81, and 83) by a
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and (see page 346) (3) a = lim a n
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Although from the point of view of
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But let us now consider the view th
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favour, more probable than its nega
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sequence, so that we can attribute
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appendix *vii 387 my Postscript.) H
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appendix *vii 389 and ‘ ’.) The
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appendix *vii 391 thus to a set of
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appendix *viii 393 smaller the numb
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a planet rather than to a point of
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Our theorem has been derived by con
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appendix *viii 399 with the same nu
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ecome clear to us that a high degre
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probability > 1/2. (They even faile
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appendix *ix 405 and that the asser
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Like (5), theorem (6) expresses a f
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appendix *ix 409 here merely follow
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appendix *ix 411 corroboration or a
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and thus entails part of the conten
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appendix *ix 415 7. Why have C(x, y
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special cases. To remedy these defe
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not as much as can be formalized. B
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Thus I prefer to look upon (2) and
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appendix *ix 423 atomic statements
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than upon rational arguments; thus,
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present paper, whether the objectiv
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(5) Now let h be the statement P(a,
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appendix *ix 431 9. One may see fro
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the same likelihood—i.e.P(e, h) =
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The first problem I have in mind is
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appendix *ix 437 likelihood to zero
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appendix *ix 439 falsifiability of
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appendix *x 441 saying that a repet
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appendix *x 443 showing that one si
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appendix *x 445 to the fact that un
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appendix *x 447 (5) That theories t
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eached. But were there a natural la
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Thus natural necessity or impossibi
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p(a) = p(a, ā) = 0; and the same m
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(D) a→ N b is true if, and only i
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appendix *x 457 edly contains impli
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appendix *x 459 induction—perhaps
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appendix *x 461 situation created b
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appendix *x 463 But I think I have
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appendix *xi 465 motion. 2 It dispr
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appendix *xi 467 mechanical work wi
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appendix *xi 469 measure the moment
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appendix *xi 471 significance only
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appendix *xi 473 left. This will (a
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appendix *xi 475 electron’s posit
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seen) by Heisenberg’s imaginary e
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light’. And this assertion, we ha
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APPENDIX *xii The Experiment of Ein
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appendix *xii 483 findings is merel
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appendix *xii 485
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appendix *xii 487
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NAME INDEX The letter ‘q’ stand
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Hobbes, Th. xxiii Hossiasson, J. 26
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Thirring, H. 210q&n Tornier, E. 137
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Almost certain 171; almost follows
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confusion 249n, 408, 414n, 415, 437
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456; essential 452; implicit 51-4;
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Falsifiability, degree of see Testa
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Independence, logical of an axiom o
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Mathematical rules for generating s
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physics, see also Quantum theory; R
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discontinuity in 302-3; interpretat
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143, 151n, 157, 160, 162, section 5
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Truth-function 113n, 284, 315 Truth
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