popper-logic-scientific-discovery

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light’. And this assertion, we have shown, is simply false: it is refuted by almost all typical quantum mechanical experiments. But what then did Jordan wish to assert? Perhaps that there was no experiment which would bring forth all the wave properties and all the particle properties of light? Clearly this cannot have been his intention since even an experiment is impossible which would bring forth, at the same time, all the wave properties—even if we drop the demand that it should bring forth any of the particle properties. (And the same holds the other way round.) What is so disturbing in this argumentation of Jordan’s is its arbitrariness. From what has been said it is obvious that there must be some wave properties and some particle properties which no experiment can combine. This fact is first generalized by Jordan, and formulated as a principle (whose formulation by Jordan, at any rate, we have refuted). And then it is illustrated by an imaginary experiment which Jordan shows to be impossible. Yet as we have seen, that part of the experiment which everybody admits to be possible actually refutes the principle, at least in Jordan’s formulation. But let us look a little more closely at the other half of the imaginary experiment—the one introduced by the words ‘on the other hand’. If we make arrangements to determine the slit through which the particle has passed, then, it is said, we destroy the fringes. Good. But do we destroy the wave properties? Take the simplest arrangement: we close one of the slits. If we do so, there still remain many signs of the wave character of light. (Even with one single slit we obtain a wave-like density distribution.) But it is now admitted, by our opponents, that the particle properties exhibit themselves very fully, since we can now trace the path of the particle. (12) From a rational point of view, all these arguments are inadmissible. I do not doubt that there is an interesting intuitive idea behind Bohr’s principle of complementarity. But neither he nor any other member of his school has been able to explain it, even to those critics who, like Einstein, tried hard for years to understand it. 19 19 Cf. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, ed. by P. A. Schilpp, 1949, p. 674. appendix *xi 479
480 new appendices My impression is that it may well be the metaphysical idea described above under point (10). I may be wrong; but whatever it is, I feel that Bohr owes us a better explanation. 20 20 (Added 1967.) A further discussion of some of these problems will be found in my paper ‘Quantum Mechanics Without “The Observer”’, in Quantum Theory and Reality, edited by Mario Bunge, 1967, pp. 7–44.
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The Logic of Scientific Discovery
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Logik der Forschung first published
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CONTENTS Translators’ Note xii Pr
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contents ix 7 37 Logical Ranges. No
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iii Derivation of the First Form of
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translators’ note xiii In these n
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, 1934
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There is nothing more necessary to
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preface, 1959 xix Language analysts
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xxii preface, 1959 perception or kn
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preface, 1959 xxiii essence of phil
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preface, 1959 xxv elaborate and fam
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 1960 and 1968 I wi
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1 A SURVEY OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROB
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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trivial; for metaphysics has usuall
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non-contradictory, a possible world
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2 ON THE PROBLEM OF A THEORY OF SCI
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on the problem of a theory of scien
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Part II Some Structural Components
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38 some structural components of a
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5 THE PROBLEM OF THE EMPIRICAL BASI
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10 CORROBORATION, OR HOW A THEORY S
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284 appendices it is connected with
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APPENDIX ii The General Calculus of
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288 appendices —we obtain from (2
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APPENDIX iii Derivation of the Firs
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292 appendices (6,1) αF″(σ´ m.
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294 appendices after effect) in the
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296 appendices (b) An analogous met
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298 appendices position), then we a
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300 appendices incoherent photons.
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302 appendices interposition of a f
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304 appendices wave-packets (obtain
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306 appendices slit. This angle φ
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308 appendices latter, if we use hi
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310 new appendices The first two of
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APPENDIX *i Two Notes on Induction
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314 new appendices statements’;*
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316 new appendices be the source fr
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318 new appendices with the help of
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320 new appendices logical interpre
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322 new appendices It is desirable
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324 new appendices operations—con
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326 new appendices (3) It will be a
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328 new appendices (7) The derivati
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330 new appendices There are three
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332 new appendices that is to say,
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334 new appendices invalid, and sho
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336 new appendices simplified syste
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338 new appendices The following co
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340 new appendices able to show tha
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342 new appendices obtain p(a, c) =
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344 new appendices The second examp
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346 new appendices first consistenc
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348 new appendices S′ ={0, 1, 2,
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350 new appendices B1 is violated b
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352 new appendices always fill the
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354 new appendices It should be men
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APPENDIX *v Derivations in the Form
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358 new appendices (26) (Eb) (Ea) p
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360 new appendices (Applying B2 twi
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362 new appendices form: it is unco
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364 new appendices In order to prov
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366 new appendices which is neverth
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368 new appendices the other axioms
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370 new appendices between rain and
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372 new appendices in the widest po
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APPENDIX *vii Zero Probability and
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376 new appendices favourable possi
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378 new appendices (4) p(a) = lim p
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380 new appendices The same point m
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382 new appendices inferences from
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384 new appendices the required a a
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386 new appendices ‘universe’
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388 new appendices All this does no
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390 new appendices The fine-structu
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APPENDIX *viii Content, Simplicity,
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394 new appendices each entry repre
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396 new appendices But formula (*)
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398 new appendices (−) d(a 1)p(a
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400 new appendices thus becomes som
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APPENDIX *ix Corroboration, the Wei
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404 new appendices I will now brief
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406 new appendices of the brevity o
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408 new appendices who identify, ex
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410 new appendices Kemeny.) Therefo
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412 new appendices DEGREE OF CONFIR
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414 new appendices (4.5) C(x 1x 2 o
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416 new appendices strongly upon P(
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418 new appendices (vii) If C(x) =
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420 new appendices to be slightly a
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422 new appendices length, to take
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424 new appendices A THIRD NOTE ON
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426 new appendices (3) P(a) = P(a,
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Page 519 and 520: 490 name index Carnap, R. 7n, 13n,
Page 521 and 522: 492 name index Mises, R. 133, 135n,
Page 523 and 524: SUBJECT INDEX Italicized page numbe
Page 525 and 526: 496 subject index Binomial formula
Page 527 and 528: 498 subject index Cosmology, its pr
Page 529 and 530: 500 subject index Empirical basis s
Page 531 and 532: 502 subject index and ad hoc hypoth
Page 533 and 534: 504 subject index 150&nt, see also
Page 535 and 536: 506 subject index Modus Ponens 71n,
Page 537 and 538: 508 subject index 319-20; indutive
Page 539 and 540: 510 subject index 142&n, 154n, 174&
Page 541 and 542: 512 subject index experiment 474-5,
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