popper-logic-scientific-discovery

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Mathematical rules for generating sequences 154, 161 Mathematics 50–1, 81–2, 122, 385–6, see also Tautologies Matrix 113t Meaning, its dogmatic character 15, 29–31&n, 105, 245n, 246, 459n; of ordinary words 43–4, 45, 64&n, 276; of ordinary words xviii; positivist dogma of 12–16, 18&n, 29, 31, 32, 42, 105, 188&n, 215, 245&n, 313, 386, 459n; positivist dogma of xviii; positivist dogma of xx; of primitive terms 51–4, 63–4; xx–xxi, see also Demarcation versus meaning; Metaphysics, positivists’ hatred of Measure see Probability formal, measure theoretical Measurement in quantum theory see Heisenberg’s formula, orthodox interpretation of; Quantum theory, orthodox interpretation of; technique of 108&n, 195–6; as test section 37, 14, 101–2n, 108–10, 116, 129, see also Precision Mechanism 85, 200 Metaphysical element of quantum theory see Heisenberg’s programme Metaphysical faith in regularities 89, 250–2, 278, 382, 458, 459&n–60, see also Causality; Laws; Regularities; Transcendental arguments; Uniformity of nature Metaphysical statements, Metaphysics 11, 12, 13, 14–16, 24, subject index 505 29, 32n, 34, 49&n, 64, 89, 94n, 199n, 205, 215, 251, 260, 265, 277, 313, 315, 458, 460; the great role they may play in scientific activity 15–16, 116, 199n, 267–8, 316; positivists’s hatred of 12–16, 32n, 315, 459n, 475–6; probability 185&n, 187, section 67, 188–90, 250, 251; purely existential statements 47–8, 49n, 70&n, 84, 186; unfalsifiable 20, 37, 41, 265, see also Content Methods 30–1, 33–4, 279–80, 328; choice of 28; conventionalist view of 15, 28, 32, section 11, 34, 61–2; critical or rational xx, 22n, 28, 34n, 279; deductivist view of 3–6, 11–13, 16, 18, 30, 42, 58n, 75, 113n, 123, 158–9, 175, 276; empirical 17, 28, 51, 63, 91–2, 280; historical xixt–xxi; naturalist view of 12, section 10, 29, 31t, 32, 260; philosophical, nonexistent xix–xxi; scientific 17, chapter II, 29, 32–3, 279, see also Discussion; Fruitfulness; History; Languages; Probability logic Metric see Probability, logic, metric of Middle frequency xx, 176t&n, 179&n, 296 Models 53&n, 453, 458n; languages see Languages; of random sequences appendix xiv, 293&n–4n, 295n Modes of speech, formal and material 76–7t; realistic 69 Modification or revision 50, 56n, 63, 64, 67n, 78, 90, 250, 251, see also Approximation
506 subject index Modus Ponens 71n, 262n Modus Tollens 19, section 18, 56, 251, 315 Monism 87n Multiplication theorem 161, 165, 174, 177n, 286, 296, 325–8, 331–2, 341–2, 422–3 Names 53&n, 118–19; universal 42–7, 53, 64&n, 75–6, 111, 118–19, see also Concepts; Universals Natural laws see Laws Natural selection 91, see also Elimination Naturalism 12, section 10, 29, 31t, 32, 41 Necessity, compared 450–2; logical 366–8, 447n, 448–51, 452–3, 454n, 460; natural or physical 446–53, 454t, 455t–60t Normal numbers, Borel’s 174n Object 53&n Objective disorder see Randomness Objectivity of probability see Probability theory, subjective versus objective views of; scientific 22, section 8, 22–6, 34, section 27, 80, 81, 82, 94&n, 195–6, 205, 256 Observability 85, 93, 108, 185, 431&n, 432–46, see also Effect, reproducible; Lawlike behaviour; Regularity; Similarity Observables 211–12, 228 Observation or perception 4, 11, 21, 24–5, 37, 51, 55, 60–1, 67n, section 25, 74–9, 82–3n, 85, 86n, 87&n, 93, 108, 123, 124, 159, 279, 315, 317, 445; interpretation of, in the light of theory 37&n, 55, 59&n, 88, 90&n, 116, 280, 431–2, 443–4; and probability 182, 185, 431–2&n; statements of see Basic statements; Protocol sentences, see also Experience occult effects, Occult phenomena 23t, 24n, 63, 82&n, 196 Occurrences section 23, 68, 69t, 90, 98; sequences of see Sequences Operationalism 386, 461, 462n, see also Instrumentalism; Pragmatism Origin of theories 8, 9, 159, 316–17, 473–4 Ostensive definitions see Definitions Paradoxes, logical xx Parameters 116–20, 123&n, 125n, 128&n, 129, 266n, 385, 395, 397–400 Path of an elementary particle 213–15&n, 226&n, 228–30, 233–6, 238&n, 297–300, 302–3, 475 Personal equation 87 Phenomenalism 461&n, 462 Philosophy xix, xv–xvi, xxiii, xxv–xxvi, 29, 34, see also Cosmology; Knowledge, theory of; Metaphysics; Methods; Problems Physicalism 81t, 85, 87&n Physics 50, 56n, 58, 62, 63, 72, 82–3n, 87, 90, 111, 138, 280; probability in see Laws, microand macro-; Probability and experience; Probability in
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The Logic of Scientific Discovery
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Logik der Forschung first published
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CONTENTS Translators’ Note xii Pr
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contents ix 7 37 Logical Ranges. No
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iii Derivation of the First Form of
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translators’ note xiii In these n
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, 1934
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There is nothing more necessary to
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preface, 1959 xix Language analysts
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xxii preface, 1959 perception or kn
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preface, 1959 xxiii essence of phil
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preface, 1959 xxv elaborate and fam
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 1960 and 1968 I wi
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1 A SURVEY OF SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROB
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a survey of some fundamental proble
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trivial; for metaphysics has usuall
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non-contradictory, a possible world
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2 ON THE PROBLEM OF A THEORY OF SCI
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on the problem of a theory of scien
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Part II Some Structural Components
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38 some structural components of a
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5 THE PROBLEM OF THE EMPIRICAL BASI
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10 CORROBORATION, OR HOW A THEORY S
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284 appendices it is connected with
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APPENDIX ii The General Calculus of
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288 appendices —we obtain from (2
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APPENDIX iii Derivation of the Firs
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292 appendices (6,1) αF″(σ´ m.
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294 appendices after effect) in the
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296 appendices (b) An analogous met
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298 appendices position), then we a
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300 appendices incoherent photons.
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302 appendices interposition of a f
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304 appendices wave-packets (obtain
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306 appendices slit. This angle φ
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308 appendices latter, if we use hi
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310 new appendices The first two of
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APPENDIX *i Two Notes on Induction
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314 new appendices statements’;*
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316 new appendices be the source fr
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318 new appendices with the help of
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320 new appendices logical interpre
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322 new appendices It is desirable
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324 new appendices operations—con
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326 new appendices (3) It will be a
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328 new appendices (7) The derivati
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330 new appendices There are three
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332 new appendices that is to say,
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334 new appendices invalid, and sho
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336 new appendices simplified syste
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338 new appendices The following co
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340 new appendices able to show tha
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342 new appendices obtain p(a, c) =
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344 new appendices The second examp
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346 new appendices first consistenc
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348 new appendices S′ ={0, 1, 2,
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350 new appendices B1 is violated b
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352 new appendices always fill the
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354 new appendices It should be men
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APPENDIX *v Derivations in the Form
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358 new appendices (26) (Eb) (Ea) p
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360 new appendices (Applying B2 twi
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362 new appendices form: it is unco
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364 new appendices In order to prov
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366 new appendices which is neverth
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368 new appendices the other axioms
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370 new appendices between rain and
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372 new appendices in the widest po
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APPENDIX *vii Zero Probability and
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376 new appendices favourable possi
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378 new appendices (4) p(a) = lim p
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380 new appendices The same point m
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382 new appendices inferences from
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384 new appendices the required a a
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386 new appendices ‘universe’
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388 new appendices All this does no
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390 new appendices The fine-structu
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APPENDIX *viii Content, Simplicity,
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394 new appendices each entry repre
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396 new appendices But formula (*)
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398 new appendices (−) d(a 1)p(a
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400 new appendices thus becomes som
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APPENDIX *ix Corroboration, the Wei
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404 new appendices I will now brief
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406 new appendices of the brevity o
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408 new appendices who identify, ex
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410 new appendices Kemeny.) Therefo
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412 new appendices DEGREE OF CONFIR
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414 new appendices (4.5) C(x 1x 2 o
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416 new appendices strongly upon P(
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418 new appendices (vii) If C(x) =
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420 new appendices to be slightly a
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422 new appendices length, to take
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424 new appendices A THIRD NOTE ON
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426 new appendices (3) P(a) = P(a,
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428 new appendices behaviour of E a
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430 new appendices either if δ is
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432 new appendices statistical inte
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434 new appendices them, there is a
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436 new appendices statements e, f,
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438 new appendices simply deceive o
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APPENDIX *x Universals, Disposition
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442 new appendices One can easily s
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444 new appendices statement such a
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446 new appendices more abstract. T
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448 new appendices natural laws see
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450 new appendices indirect proof.
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452 new appendices physical theory
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Page 519 and 520: 490 name index Carnap, R. 7n, 13n,
Page 521 and 522: 492 name index Mises, R. 133, 135n,
Page 523 and 524: SUBJECT INDEX Italicized page numbe
Page 525 and 526: 496 subject index Binomial formula
Page 527 and 528: 498 subject index Cosmology, its pr
Page 529 and 530: 500 subject index Empirical basis s
Page 531 and 532: 502 subject index and ad hoc hypoth
Page 533: 504 subject index 150&nt, see also
Page 537 and 538: 508 subject index 319-20; indutive
Page 539 and 540: 510 subject index 142&n, 154n, 174&
Page 541 and 542: 512 subject index experiment 474-5,
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