Spiritual_Wellness_Holistic_Health_and_the_Practic

174 Philosophical Foundations of Health Education
TABLE 17.2
Characteristics and Between-Group Differences
Lecture
Problem-
Based
Learning
Distance
Learning
Significance
N 96 68 21
Age (mean sem) 19.93 21.85 20.29 0.2012
0.229 1.024 1.624
College Year 1 1.99 1.90 2.00 0.2345
(mean sem) 0.082 0.121 0.207
Age 25 yrs. (%) 95.83 88.24 85.71 0.0465*
Female (%) 59.38 61.76 80.95 0.9137
“stage 3” – pre (%) 17.17 17.65 28.57 0.0001*
“stage 3” – post (%) 9.80 9.26 14.29 0.0113*
Focus – pre 2 3.96 3.16 3.21 0.1122
(mean sem) 0.255 0.199 0.422
Focus – post 2 3.67 2.98 3.46 0.2638
(mean sem) 0.289 0.188 0.475
1
Freshman 1, Sophomore 2, Junior 3, Senior 4
2
Behavioral focus coded numerically: 1 weight management, 2 exercise, 3 nutrition,
4 tobacco, 5 alcohol, 6 other drugs, 7 stress, 8 other
*Significance level: p ≤ 0.050
Analysis of variance identified three statistically significant ( p 0.050) between
group differences: percent “ age 25, ” percent “ stage 3 ” at the beginning of the
inquiry and percent “ stage 3 ” at its conclusion. Though casual observation of the data
would suggest that the significant difference in “age 25 ” could be found within the