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Health Promotion and Empowerment 193
world ” (p. 18). What might prevent this faith from degenerating into rationalized self -
interest is the extent to which professionals critically examine what has been both
enabling and disabling about their practice styles and their organizations, and make
the results of that examination public and accountable. I have argued that health promotion
and empowerment function primarily as organizing concepts useful for this
examination.
ENDNOTES
1. A social movement, whether formalized into a lobbying organization or existing
as an informal support or consciousness - raising group, exists “ out - there ” in the
associations of civil society, what John McKnight (1987) calls “ social spaces ”
or the informal, unmanaged and associational sectors of society (Robertson &
Minkler, 1994). This demarcation between state (government, bureaucracy) and
social movement (civil society) is a tenet shared by both major social movement
theory streams, resource mobilization theory and new social movement theory.
2. I am alternating use of gendered pronouns in this article. Unless the context
otherwise specifies, there is no gendered implication to my pronoun or adjective
selection.
3. Small only partly refers to size. Primarily, this functional social level of the
Holosphere model refers to groups that look primarily inward, to the socioemotive
needs of their members, that is, support groups. Normally, these groups are
small in number, and many group theories hold that beyond a certain number
(over twenty or so) the task/status structuration that arises leads intractably to
more formalized relationships.
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