The Role of Health Education Advocacy in Removing Disparities 329environmental changes that promise to address the health needs of such a diverse population,in order to eliminate the disparities in health status and access to health servicesthat now exist, however, new knowledge concerning the influence of socioeconomicfactors in the causation of disease and the effectiveness of policy - related interventionsto alter such factors is required In the meantime, if we are to have any hope of eliminatingdisparities in health we need to address the broad socioeconomic determinantsof disease that we already know influence health, and we must seek to eliminate thoseinequities in power and wealth that all available evidence suggests is still at the root ofthe problem. Health educators can be at the vanguard of this effort by expanding theirwork to influence community - level and national policy development throughadvocacy.REFERENCESAdler, N., Boyce, T, Chesney, M., Folkman, S., & Syme, L. (1993). Socioeconomic inequalities in health. Journalof the American Medical Association, 269 , 3140 – 3145.Allegrante, J. P. (1999). 1998 SOPHE Presidential Address: SOPHE — At the intersection of education, policy,and science and technology. Health Education & Behavior, 26 , 457 – 464.Arber, S., & Cooper, H. (1999). Gender differences in health in later life: The new paradox? Social Science andMedicine, 48 , 61 – 76.Baker, E. A., Bouldin, N., Durham, M., Lowell, M. E., Gonzalez, M., Jodaitis, N., et al. (1997). The Latino healthadvocacy program: A collaborative lay health advisor approach. Health Education & Behavior, 24 ,495 – 509.Barrett, R. J., Harlan, L. C, Wesley, M. N., Hill, H. A., Chen, V. W., Clayton, L. A., et al. (1995). Endometrialcancer: Stage at diagnosis and associated factors in black and white patients. American Journal of Obstetricsand Gynecology, 173 , 414 – 422.Bayne - Smith, M., & McBarnette, L. S. (1996). Redefining health in the 21st century. In M. Bayne - Smith (Ed.),Race, gender and health . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Belgrave, L. L. (1993). Discrimination against older women in health care. Journal of Women and Aging, 5 ,181 – 199.Birkmeyer, J. D., Sharp, S. M., Finlayson, S. R., Fisher, E. S., & Wennberg, J. E. (1998). Variation profiles ofcommon surgical procedures. Surgery, 124 , 917 – 923.Blaine, T. M., Forster, J. L., Hennrikus, D., O ’ Neil, S., Wolfson, M., & Pham, H. (1997). Creating tobaccocontrol policy at the local level: Implementation of a direct action organizing approach Health Education &Behavior, 24 , 640 – 651.Blendon, R. J., Donelan, K., Hill, C. A., Carter, W., Beatrice, D., & Altaian, D. (1994). Paying medical bills in theUnited States: Why health insurance isn ’ t enough. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271 ,949 – 951.Braithwaite, R. L., & Lythcott, N. (1989). Community empowerment as a strategy for health promotion for blackand other minorities. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261 , 282 – 283.Brown, E. R. (1996). Trends in health insurance coverage in California, 1989 – 1993. Health Affairs, 15 ,118 – 130.California Wellness Foundation. (1994). The California Wellness Foundation violence prevention initiative: Anew direction for improving health and well - being in California . Woodland Hill, CA: Author.Charlson, M. E., Allegrante, J. P., & Robbins L. (1993). Socioeconomic differentials in arthritis and its treatment.In D. E. Rogers, & E. Ginzburg (Eds.), Medical care and the health of the poor (pp. 77 – 89). Boulder, CO:Westview Press.
330 Philosophical Foundations of Health EducationCohen, L., & Swift, S. (1993). A public health approach to the violence epidemic in the United States. Environmentand Urbanization, 5 , 50 – 66.Cook, R. J. (1994). Women ’ s health and human rights . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. (1990). Black - white disparities in health care. Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 263 , 2344 – 2346.Crain, E. E. Weiss, K. B., Bijur, P. E., Hersh, M., Westbrook, L., & Stein, R.E.K. (1994). An estimate of the prevalenceof asthma and wheezing among inner - city children. Pediatrics, 94 , 356 – 362.DeJong, W. (1996). MADD Massachusetts versus Senator Burke: A media advocacy case study. Health EducationQuarterly, 23 , 318 – 329.Doyal, L. (1995). What makes women sicker: Gender and the political economy of health . New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.El - Askari, G., Freestone, J., Irizarry, C., Kraut, K. L., Mashiyana, S. T., Morgan, M. A., et al. (1998). The healthyneighborhood project: A local health department ’ s role in catalyzing community development. Health Education& Behavior, 25 , 146 – 159.Fee, E., & Krieger, N. (1994). Women ’ s health, politics, and power . New York: Baywood Publishing.Fitzpatrick, T. R., & Van Tran, T. (1997). Age, gender and health among African - Americans. Social Work inHealth Care, 26 , 69 – 85.Freudenberg, N. (1978). Shaping the future of health education: From behavior change to social change. HealthEducation Monographs, 6 , 372 – 377.Freudenberg, N., & Golub, M. (1987). Health education, public policy and disease prevention: A case history ofthe New York City coalition to end lead poisoning. Health Education Quarterly, 14 , 387 – 401.Gornick, M. E., Eggers, P. W., Reilly, T. W., Mentaeck, R. M., Fitterman, L. K., Kucken, L. E., et al. (1996).Effects of race and income on mortality and use of services among Medicare beneficiaries. New EnglandJournal of Medicine, 335 , 791 – 799.Graham, R. J. (1998). The relationship between sex, gender, and disability: Do women really tend to be moredisabled than men? Paper presented at the meeting of the American Sociological Association.Green, L. W., & Kreuter, M. W. (1999) Health promotion planning: An educational and ecological approach (3rded.). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.Hall, A. G. (1998). Medicaid ’ s impact on access to and utilization of health care services among racial and ethnicminority children. Journal of Urban Health, 75 , 677 – 692.Hamburg, M. A. (1993). Poverty, public health, and tuberculosis control in New York City: Lessons from thepast. In D. E. Rogers & E. Ginzburg (Eds.), Medical care and the health of the poor (pp. 33 – 41). Boulder,CO: Westview Press.Hill, W. C. (1999). Jumping the broom toward eliminating health disparities: Presidential address. AmericanJournal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 180 , 1315 – 1321.Holder, H. D., & Treno, A. J. (1997). Media advocacy in community prevention: News as a means to advancepolicy change. Addiction, 2 , S189 – S199.Holmberg, S. D. (1996). The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large U.S. metropolitan areas.American Journal of Public Health, 86 , 642 – 654.Hunt, K., & Annandale, E. (1999). Relocating gender and morbidity: Examining men ’ s and women ’ s health incontemporary Western societies. Introduction to special issue on gender and health. Social Science andMedicine, 48 , 1 – 5.Jernigan, D. H., & Wright, P. A. (1996). Media advocacy: Lessons from community experiences. Journal ofPublic Health Policy, 17 , 306 – 330.Kaplan, G. A. (1998). Socioeconomic considerations in the health of urban areas. Journal of Urban Health, 75 ,228 – 235.Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life .New York: Basic Books.
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vi ContentsPART 2DEVELOPING A PHILO
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Dedicated posthumously to the follo
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xvi Forewordthese papers available
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xviii Introductiondiscussions of a
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THE EDITORSJill M. Black , PhD, CHE
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REFERENCESAllegrante, J. P., Morisk
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References 415Veselak, K. (2001). H
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418 IndexCollaborative learning, 99
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