FortisBC Inc. (FortisBC) Application for a Certificate of Public ...

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LEDs in spotlight - Greenhouse Canada LEDs in spotlight Much of the research is now focusing on the effect of different colours on crops. Written by Dr. Elly Nederhoff Lemnis LED lights with water cooling in a large-scale trial in tomatoes at Redstar (the Netherlands). Page 1 of 4 Introduction: Artificial lighting in greenhouses is common practice in greenhouses in northern Europe and Canada. It’s necessary for growing crops like tomatoes and roses through winter. In the Netherlands alone, an estimated 2,000 hectares of greenhouses are lighted. The standard lamp used since the 1990s is the high-pressure sodium (HPS, SON-T-Agro). Obviously the investment and running costs of lighting are high. When LED lighting was introduced into the horticultural market in 2007, salespeople promised extremely high efficiency and exceptional yields thanks to special light colours. However, test results in the first winter season were disappointing, and so was the efficiency. In the second and third season, the results were mixed. Depending on circumstances, LEDs gave lower, equal or higher yields than HPS lamps. This was under equal light levels, expressed in micromol/m2/s. Meanwhile, several practical applications are doing really well. Important differences between LED and HPS are the spectrum (light colours) and heat delivery, as well as the price. http://www.greenhousecanada.com/content/view/2941/153/ Appendix BCUC IR1 83.4.1 24/09/2012
LEDs in spotlight - Greenhouse Canada Dr. Elly Nederhoff HPS lighting: HPS lamps have pros and cons. HPS provides a good spectrum (mix of light colours), which has proven to work well for plants. The so-called wall-plug efficiency of HPS lamps is in the order of 30 per cent. Thus, of the incoming electricity, about 30 per cent is converted to light and the remaining 70 per cent is converted to heat. This is very good compared to incandescent lamps (six per cent light), but 70 per cent “loss” is still a lot. Extra heat in winter is mostly beneficial, as it increases the air and plant temperature. But under milder weather conditions, the heat from HPS lamps can be excessive. Then thermal screens and even vents have to be opened, which is a waste of energy. With screens partly open, some light escapes and this is regarded as “light pollution” in the Netherlands. Another disadvantage is that the reflectors of HPS lamps cause shading (light loss) all year round. LED lighting: Unfortunately, most LEDs are not much better than HPS in wall-plug efficiency. In the order of 30 per cent of electricity is converted to light and 70 per cent to heat (note that LEDs have a wide quality range). The difference is that the large HPS lamps deliver a huge heat load on one spot, whereas the small LEDs give a nicely distributed heat output. Moreover, LEDs produce heat at the back. This heat is dissipated in the ambient air, or can be removed by water-cooling (e.g., Lemnis systems), which can be an advantage. Therefore with LED light, there is no overheating and screens don’t have to be opened, so there is no “light pollution.” Testing the effect of different light colours for crop steering in capsicum (at Dingemans, Netherlands). Page 2 of 4 Other advantages are that LEDs run on low voltage, and can be dimmed (in principle). However, LED lighting is still much more expensive than HPS lighting. It is expected that the price will come down when supply increases further. Spectrum: Spectrum is the mix of light colours. Light colour is characterised by wavelength, e.g., red has wavelength around 650-700 nanometer (nm). HPS lamps produce a mix of yellow, orange and red, plus some blue light. In contrast, one individual small LED produces one colour only, and there is a range of http://www.greenhousecanada.com/content/view/2941/153/ Appendix BCUC IR1 83.4.1 24/09/2012
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October 5, 2012 Via Email Original
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Utility Name Milton Hydro Distribut
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Response: FortisBC
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1 FortisBC Inc. (FortisBC or the Co
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FortisBC Inc. (FortisBC or the Comp
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Revenue Requirements Analysis Advan
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Corporate Headquarters 2111 North M
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Year FortisBC Inc. (FortisBC or the
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ASK E SOURCE | UCC-ASKES-53 | PUBLI
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FIGURE 1: Interest in billing optio
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FortisBC, Inc. KELOWNA, BRITISH COL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. INTRODUCT
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PART I. INTRODUCTION Appendix BCUC
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BASIS OF THE STUDY Depreciation. Th
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PART II. METHODS USED IN THE ESTIMA
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ESTIMATION OF SURVIVOR CURVES Survi
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Iowa Type Curves The range of survi
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Appendix BCUC IR1 69.4
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aged property transactions, a sched
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TABLE 2. OTHER TRANSACTIONS FOR EAC
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For the entire experience band 2001
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The original survivor curve is plot
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In Figure 9, the three fittings, 12
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Account 368.00 - Distribution Line
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etirement activity will likely be s
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of removal exceed the salvage proce
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CALCULATION OF ANNUAL AND ACCRUED A
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PART III. RESULTS OF STUDY Appendix
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percent surviving. The titles of th
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FORTISBC, INC. SCHEDULE 2. ESTIMATE
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 3330.10 - L
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 330.10 - LAN
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 331.00 - STR
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 332.00 - RE
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 332.00 - RES
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 333.00 - WAT
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCOUNTT 334.00 - A
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 334.00 - ACC
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 335.00 - OTH
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCOUNNT 336.00 - R
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 336.00 - ROA
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCCOUNT 353.00 - S
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 353.00 - SUB
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 355.00 - POL
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCCOUNT 356.00 - C
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 356.00 - CON
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCCOUNT 365.00 - C
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 368.00 - LIN
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 3369.00 - S
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 370.00 - ME
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 370.00 - MET
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 371.00 - INS
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCOUNNT 390.00 - S
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCCOUNT 390.20 - O
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCCOUNT 392.100 -
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FORRTISBC, INC. ACCCOUNT 392.200 -
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PART V. NET SALVAGE STATISTICS Appe
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 332.00 - RES
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 334.00 - ACC
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PART VI. DETAILED DEPRECIATION CALC
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 333.00 - WAT
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 335.00 - OTH
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FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 368.00 - LIN
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Page 457 and 458: FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 373.00 - STR
Page 459 and 460: FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 390.10 - STR
Page 461 and 462: FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 391.00 - OFF
Page 463 and 464: FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 391.20 - PC
Page 465 and 466: FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 392.20 - HEA
Page 467 and 468: FORTISBC, INC. ACCOUNT 397.00 - COM
Page 469 and 470: Public Policy Sources is published
Page 471 and 472: Current public policy proposals emp
Page 473 and 474: Although there are a host of import
Page 475 and 476: Producing Marijuana in British Colu
Page 477 and 478: this amounts to about $10,000. 18 T
Page 479 and 480: ness that are not about business. I
Page 481 and 482: marijuana growing business is not t
Page 483 and 484: One point needs reinforcing. These
Page 485 and 486: PUBLIC POLICY SOURCES, NUMBER 74 Ta
Page 487 and 488: depend upon the prices in the US an
Page 489 and 490: Why Does it Happen in British Colum
Page 491 and 492: er of days of the sentence. The sec
Page 493 and 494: Number of convictions Figure 2: Day
Page 495 and 496: have not changed anything else. We
Page 497 and 498: References Australian Institute for
Page 499 and 500: Appendices Appendix Table 1A Table
Page 501 and 502: While this formula is undoubtedly c
Page 503 and 504: Appendix B: Risk and the Alternativ
Page 505 and 506: Appendix D: Delay Times and the Num
Page 507: Appendix F: The Demand for Marijuan
Page 511 and 512: LEDs in spotlight - Greenhouse Cana
Page 513 and 514: I have also canvassed relevant acad
Page 515 and 516: some degree of regulation of the in
Page 517 and 518: More specifically, it seems likely
Page 519: adopt the provisions of the Act of
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