Book of Abstracts (PDF) - International Mycological Association

IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures
344 - The practicalities of integrating anamorph and
teleomorph taxonomies
G.J. Samuels 1 & M. Reblova 2*
1 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Systematic Botany and
Mycology Lab., 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD
20705-2530, U.S.A. - 2 Institute of Botany, Academy of
Sciences, CZ - 25243 Pruhonice, Czech Republic. - E-mail:
reblova@ibot.cas.cz
Article 59 of the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature enshrines a system that biases naming of
pleomorphic fungi in favor of the teleomorph. The system
maintains artificial separation of teleomorph and anamorph
taxonomy resulting in loss of information and confusion in
understanding species. DNA sequencing has eroded the
significance of the teleomorph to taxonomy by integrating
species and genera based on anamorph characters into the
'botanical' system. That all fungi may undergo outcrossing
of some sort has further eroded the importance of the
sexual morph in the life-cycle. Three scenarios are
anticipated if Art. 59 is dropped. I. Retain primacy of the
teleomorph but permit description of species for which no
teleomorph is known as botanical species; permit inclusion
of genera for which no teleomorph is known as botanical
genera. In case of priority conflict, the oldest type based
upon teleomorph material will determine the correct name.
II. Permit names based on teleomorph material compete
with names based on anamorph material strictly on the
basis of priority. III. Selectively give priority to teleomorph
or anamorph names based on defined criteria (e.g. common
usage). The advantages and disadvantages of the scenarios
are discussed. The authors conclude that despite its
shortcomings, the current system is so firmly established
that change based on any of the three scenarios presented
would result in an unacceptably high level of disruption.
345 - Anamorphs, teleomorphs and users of names
M.E. Palm 1* & P.M. Kirk 2
1 USDA/APHIS, Systematic Botany and Mycology
Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, U.S.A. -
2 CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20
9TY, U.K. - E-mail: mary@nt.ars-grin.gov
The eventual abandonment of Article 59 is inevitable. The
separate naming of anamorphs has provided a practical
solution in some groups of fungi to the challenge of
pleomorphism. Phylogenetic placement of anamorph taxa
increasingly is possible as a result of data from molecular
phylogenetic studies combined with morphological
approaches. Systematists can now craft an alternative to the
dual naming system, one which should be the least
disruptive to communication and information retrieval. A
practical strategy would be to consider groups on a case by
case basis as monographic studies using morphological and
molecular approaches are conducted. Harmonization and
revision of the Code should be a gradual process in order to
avoid total chaos and in order to learn of the pitfalls and
problems that could not be predicted, as they come to light.
Several case studies will be presented along with an
analysis of nomenclatural options.
346 - Dual nomenclature and classification in higher
fungi: Six procedures to resolve it, with proposals to
emend Art. 59
G.L. Hennebert
University of Louvain (professor emeritus), 32 Rue de
l'Elevage, 1340 Ottignies-LLN, Belgium. - E-mail:
hennebert@mbla.ucl.ac.be
Since the symposium, 'The Fungal Holomorph', the
Deuteromycetes are considered group of form-taxa, the
deuteromycetes (decapitalized), rather than a (capitalized)
fungal Class. Integrated classification implies unification of
the two parallel nomenclatures. The fundamentals of dual
nomenclature lie in the distinction of Linnean or botanical
nomenclature based on botanical (holomorphic)
typification and anatomical nomenclature based on
anatomical (anamorphic and teleomorphic) typification.
Article 59 assigns holomorphic application to teleomorphic
types, but denies it to anamorphic types, which are
restricted to anamorphic application. The nature of the type
of a name is thus distinguished from its application. Any
process for nomenclature integration must envisage a
change of anamorphic to holomorphic type applications, ie.
the change of form-names into botanical names, and the
suppression of alternate names. This can be achieved using
six different procedures, from conservative to
revolutionary, depending on the extent of the changes in
type application, extent of retroactivity, the taxonomic
ranks affected, and the choice of preserved name amongst
alternate names of pleomorphic and pleoanamorphic fungi.
Preservation and suppression of names, already implicit in
Art. 15.2, cannot be processed by conservation and
rejection, because they must be revisable when the organic
connections between correlated names are disproven. See
Hennebert & Gams on http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/ for full
text.
347 - The history of Article 59 and anamorph
definitions - and a new twist: synteleomorphic names
S.A. Redhead
ECORC, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Bldg. 49, CEF,
AAFC, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada. - E-mail:
redheads@em.agr.ca
The Linnean system of classification dates back to 1753
(Species plantarum). Less obvious to young scientists is
knowledge that the starting dates for fungal systematics
used to be 1753, 1801 (Persoon's Synopsis), or 1821 (Fries'
Systema) depending upon fungal groups. The latter two
authors' named publications currently serve as Sanctioning
Book of Abstracts 109