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IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures only 7% of those described so far. Few species have received detailed morphological study, and many are scarcely represented at all in the world's herbaria. Identification remains fraught with problems and there is huge disparity in knowledge between different regions. Less than 200 species have yet been reported from the tropics, for example, fewer than from some sites in England. Yet rate of description of new species continues to fall. Clearly, there is still a pressing need for description and morphological study, to provide the basic taxa for application of modern techniques and to approach eventually a natural system for the Helotiales. 65 - Diversity in the genus Penicillium J.I. Pitt Food Science Australia, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. - E-mail: John.Pitt@csiro.au Penicillium is a tightly circumscribed but diverse genus, characterised by a distinctive asexual fruiting structure, the penicillus. Separation from other genera is usually unequivocal. Diversity is reflected in occurrence in a wide range of habitats. Some species, especially in subgenera Aspergilloides and Furcatum, are primarily associated with soil. Some species, especially in subgenus Biverticillium, are common in biodegradation, i.e. decaying plants and plant based materials. Others, especially in subgenus Penicillium, are found in seeds, which includes foods such as cereals, or dung. Few can be considered pathogens of animals or plants. A few are truly ubiquitous. Penicillium species are most common in cooler temperate climates, a reflection of relatively low temperature profiles for growth. Penicillium is associated with two sexual genera, Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, with mostly soilborne species. Some taxonomic questions remain. The possibility exists that Penicillium is not truly monophyletic, and that the species associated with the two sexual states are distinct in evolutionary terms, though not obviously so in ecological or morphological terms. The question of delimitation of subgenera, based on morphology, arises because molecular studies suggest that the subgenera Aspergilloides and Furcatum are not distinct from each other. And finally, the perennial question of what constitutes a species has been fuelled by molecular studies in particular. 66 - ISSR variation in Penicillium miczynskii and Eupenicillium shearii D.E. Tuthill University of Wyoming, PO Box 3165, Laramie, WY 82071, U.S.A. - E-mail: dtuthill@uwyo.edu There is little evidence to indicate whether species of Penicillium are or are not genetically cohesive. To address this issue, I have been performing ISSR analyses on 190 22 Book of Abstracts strains of P. miczynskii. These strains were isolated primarily from four Pinus dominated sites in southeast Wyoming. Additional strains were isolated from a mixed hardwood forest in Denmark and a Nothofagus dominated forest in Chile. I also collected 130 strains of E. shearii, primarily from Costa Rica and India. Preliminary results indicate that P. miczynskii strains from SE Wyoming are very much alike, though some variation is present. Danish strains of P. miczynskii show ISSR patterns very different from those of the Wyoming strains, and also show considerable variation amongst themselves. Parsimony analysis using ITS sequences from several of these strains placed most of them in a clade including the type strain of P. miczynskii. In contrast, the strains of E. shearii clustered into two groups, irrespective of origin. These two groups may be interpreted as distinct species. This hypothesis is further supported by ITS sequences, which indicate that at least one of these groups is not closely related to the type strain of E. shearii (no representative of the second group has been sequenced yet). These results suggest that variation is structured quite differently in mitotic Penicillia than in meiotic Eupenicillia, and that lack of a meiotic cycle does not impose a constraint on intraspecific variation. 67 - Phenotypic diversity in Penicillium and its teleomorphs J.C. Frisvad 1* & M. Christensen 2 1 Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Buildinng 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. - 2 Department of Botany, Aven Nelson Building, University of Wyoming, Laramie, U.S.A. - E-mail: jcf@biocentrum.dtu.dk The genus Penicillium contains species of an impressive diversity and they are consistently found all over the world. In a detailed analysis of species occurrence in 16 soil microfungal surveys, our data indicate that: 1) Penicillia are abundant in certain soils, accounting for nearly 50% of all species obtained with 10 - 71% recently described or undescribed; 2) the soils with highest pendiversity appear to be soils from tropical and temperate rain forests (upper Amazon, Peru; ancient conifer forest, Oregon, USA) and coastal annual grasslands (California, USA); and 3) a great many soil species are reliable indicators of habitat type. Eupenicillium associated Penicillia are usually soil- or foodborne, while the very different Talaromyces associated Penicillia often are with plant polymer associated. Some species are associated to plants and one of them even produce myconodules in Elder trees. One species can grow in saturated cupper sulphate solution. Few species are xerophilic, most of them are still to be described. Some acidophilic species can only grow below pH 3.5 and are associated to wood, while others are alkalinophilic. Many species, mostly undescribed, are psychrophilic, while others are thermophilic. The chemical diversity of Penicillium species is equally impressive, isolates in each species being able to produce a large number of secondary metabolites. Most species produce 5-10 different families of secondary metabolites each with 3 to 20 members.
IMC7 Monday August 12th Lectures 68 - Resolving the identification of P. glabrum, P. purpurogenum, P. thomii and Eupenicillium lapidosum S. Peterson USDA-ARS-NCAUR, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A. - E-mail: peterssw@mail.ncaur.usda.gov The identification of Penicillium glabrum and other closely related species presents a challenge to mycologists because of the phenotypic similarity of these species. To address this problem, DNA sequences from ITS, beta-tubulin, calmodulin and translation elongation factor 1 alpha were determined from ex type and other isolates belonging to P. glabrum, P. thomii, P. yezoense, P. grancanaraie, P. baiiolum, P. palmense, P. trzebinskii, P. terlikowskii, P. purpurescens, P. viridoalbus, P. oledskii and Eupenicillium lapidosum. Prior studies showed that in the ITS region, total variation among these species is two base substitutions, although some of these species may be synonyms. Ex-type isolates of E. lapidosum and P. thomii had identical sequences in ITS, CF, EF1 and BT; P. viridoalbus and P. purpurescens were identical at 3 loci and differed by a single base at the other suggesting synonymies in each case. Penicillium spinulosum also resembles P. glabrum and is closely related. However, it is a genetically and phenotypically distinct species. The pattern of genetic variability at multiple loci suggests a complex of variable and closely related species centered on P. glabrum. 69 - Species delimitation of Penicillia and Aspergilli; dilemma's between phenotypic and molecular characterization R.A. Samson Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. - E-mail: samson@cbs.knaw.nl The taxonomy of Penicillium and Aspergillus and their teleomorphs has been subject to various methods of investigations. With the classical morphological approaches using characters of conidiophores, conidia and sexual propagules, delimitation of many taxa has been unclear and debatable. Introduction of physiological and culture criteria has only contributed little, particularly because standardisation of media for cultivating Penicillium and Aspergillus remains problematic. On the other hand chemotaxonomic profiles of secondary metabolites are promising showing fine distinction of taxa. With the introduction of various molecular tools delimitation of taxa have been solved, although one particular method does not always apply for all taxa of both genera resulting in different taxonomies. In some cases it is difficult to show similarities between the phenotypic and molecular characterization. This is particular true for important groups such as Aspergillus section Nigri and Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. Species of these groups are economically important and correct identification is crucial. In this paper examples with taxonomic constraints are discussed. 70 - A polyphasic taxonomic study of Fusarium avenaceum and F. tricinctum K.A. Seifert 1* , U. Thrane 2 , J. Bissett 1 , B. Blackwell 1 & J. McDonald 3 1 Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, K1A 0C6, Canada. - 2 Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. - 3 Centre for Plant Quarantine Pests, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 8P9, Canada. - E-mail: seifertk@em.agr.ca A common set of 50 strains of Fusarium avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. stilboides were examined by colony characters, image analysis of sporodochial conidia and conidia from the aerial mycelium, substrate utilization profiles (BIOLOG), rep-PCR (BOX, ERIC, REP primers), DNA sequencing (beta-tubulin, elongation factor 1-alpha) and metabolite profiling (HPLC, NMR). In general, DNA sequencing and rep-PCR results resulted in identical branching patterns in dendrograms. BIOLOG and rep-PCR detected more strain-level variation than DNA sequencing, but the BIOLOG phenogram differed in several respects from the molecular phylograms. Most strains identified as F. avenaceum (or its putative synonym F. arthrosporioides) clustered together in the molecular analyses, but two small groups of strains, one from Australia and the other from New Zealand, may represent distinct phylogenetic species. A population isolated from Turkish wheat formed a distinct cluster. F. tricinctum and F. stilboides formed distinct clusters except for a single identified strain of each species that appeared to be more distantly related. Representative strains of two subspecies of F. avenaceum subsp. aywerte and subsp. nurragi, were distantly related to F. avenaceum subsp. avenaceum and probably represent distinct species. Analyses of combined data sets and correlations between molecular, morphological and physiological data sets will be used to refine species concepts for these taxa. 71 - Towards a polyphasic and predictive taxonomy for small-spored Alternaria B. Andersen 1* & R.G. Roberts 2 1 BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. - 2 USDA, ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, U.S.A. - E-mail: ba@biocentrum.dtu.dk Book of Abstracts 23
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Cavernularia: 356 Cenococcum: 500,
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Hyalorbilia: 479 Hyalorhinocladiell
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Phlebopus: 828 Pholiota: 304, 515 P
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Verrucaria: 616 Verruculina: 963 Ve
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Order Index Agaricales: 40, 50, 51,
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Bogomolova, E.V.: 1078 Bohar, Gy.:
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Juuti, J.T.: 701, 1126 Kabrick, J.M
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