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IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters surfactant and, if necessary, washed through a series of sieves to eliminate particles of irrelevant sizes. The residue, in the form of a pellet, is obtained by centrifugation. The top surface of the pellet is mounted on microscope slides (usually 2) to which a drop or two of lactophenol has ben added. The slides are sealed with nail varnish and studied. With this method one can monitor the presence of particular spores and diseases in bulk grain can consequently be monitored successfully. Spores from diseases that are dificult to detect in the field, as well as other fungi present in the grain and particularily smuts and rusts, can be confirmed using this technique. This method could be extremely cost effective as the samples can be taken by a lay parson, sent by post and analysed. The overhead expenses are kept to a minimum. The only drawback is that a surface can only be sampled once, giving a retrieval rate of about 90%, which is ideal for monitoring compared with other grain washing methods. 1027 - Ceratocystis albofundus, an African fungus causing a wilt disease on exotic Acacia mearnsii J. Roux 1* , G. Nakabonge 1 , I. Barnes 1 , B.D. Wingfield 2 & M.J. Wingfield 1 1 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - 2 Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. - E-mail: jolanda.roux@fabi.up.ac.za Ceratocystis albofundus is a relatively newly discovered fungus that causes a rapid wilt disease of economically important Acacia mearnsii trees. Until recently it was known only from South Africa, on exotic Australian Acacia spp. and on native Protea spp. In 1999, the fungus was discovered in Uganda and a year later, it was also found in Kenya. In both cases it was associated with vascular wilt of A. mearnsii trees. Although based on only three records, C. albofundus has been found on native Protea spp. in South Africa, leading to the hypothesis that it is native to this country. Recent studies on the population diversity of South African isolates using a range of microsatellite markers, have shown high levels of genetic diversity in C. albofundus, similar to that found in other native Ceratocystis spp. The genetic diversity of a Ugandan population has also been studied, showing that the Ugandan population has a similar diversity to that in South Africa. These studies lead us to believe that C. albofundus is native to the African continent. It appears to have acquired the ability to infect exotic Acacia spp., causing serious losses to the forestry industry. Surveys of native A. mearnsii in Australia have failed to yield C. albofundus and we do not believe that it is present in that country. Our studies suggest that the fungus poses a serious threat to A. mearnsii in its native range and that quarantine measures should be imposed to prevent its spread to Australia. 310 Book of Abstracts 1028 - Endophytic fungi from Cassia fistula L. N. Ruchikachorn 1* , A.J.S. Whalley 1 & P. Sihanonth 2 1 School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street. Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K. - 2 Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. - E-mail: bmsnruch@livjm.ac.uk Cassia fistula, known as Khoon (Thai) or Golden Shower, is a deciduous tree which is found all over Thailand. It is often planted as an ornamental, but is also an important medicinal plant. Historically all parts of the plant have been used in native remedies. The leaves of the plant are used for curing boils, coughs and skin diseases such as ringworm while the roots can be used to treat snake bites and dysentery. During the current study it has been found to contain a wide range of fungal endophytes. Isolates from three separate geographical locations in Thailand are compared and the data discussed in relation to specific habitat. A significant number of isolates have been recognised as members of the Xylariaceae and identification of a number of these has been confirmed following teliomorph induction. Testing of the biological activity of a selection of the isolates indicates antibacterial ability and, in a few cases, antifungal. Herbicidal and insecticidal activity has also been demonstrated in a number of cases. We have recently identified fluoroglucinol as a major metabolite from one of the isolates and this has been shown to exhibit antifungal activity. 1029 - Ectendomycorrhizal communities of Pinus sylvestris seedlings from forest nurseries in Poland M.L. Rudawska * & T. Leski Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kornik, Poland. - E-mail: mariarud@man.poznan.pl Scots pine is the most common tree produced in bare-root nurseries in Poland. Mycorrhizas present on 1-0 and 2-0 Pinus sylvestris seedlings produced in bare-root nurseries situated in north-west part of Poland were estimated. Most seedlings were spontaneously colonized by naturally present ecto- and ectendomycorrhizal symbionts. However ectendomycorrhizal colonization very often exceeded the occurrence of ectomycorrhizas. Predominance of ectendomycorrhizas was significantly correlated with nitrogen fertilization. Fungal communities associated with ectendomycorrhizas of tested seedlings were assessed by a combination of morphological and molecular techniques. Morphological typing of mycorrhizas based on the structure and colors of their external hyphae, fungal mantle and anatomical analysis distinguished several ectendomycorrhizal morphotypes. To identify these mycorrhizas, fungal rDNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction and digested with endonucleases (HinfI,
IMC7 Main Congress Theme IV: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ECOLOGY Posters MboI, TaqI). Morphologically variable complex of ectendomycorrhizal morphotypes consisted from at lest three symbionts giving different RFLP pattern. The fungal taxa involved as dominating ectendomycorrhizal symbiont were ascomycetes Wilcoxina sp. Investigation is under way to clarify the systematical position of all ectendomycorrhizas found. 1030 - Diversity and function of ectomycorrhiza during transformation of forests M. Rumberger 1* , F. Ehrig 2 , P. Lentzsch 3 , B. Münzenberger 3 & R.F. Hüttl 1 1 Brandenburg University of Technology, Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, P.O. Box 101344, 03013 Cottbus, Germany. - 2 Federal Centre fro Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (BAZ), Institute of Resistence Research and Pathogen Diagnostics (IRP), Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, 06449 Aschersleben, Germany. - 3 Centre for Agricultural Landscape and Land Use Research (ZALF) e.V., Institute of Primary Production and Microbial Ecology, Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany. - E-mail: rumberg@zalf.de During the transformation of forests biological niches are created that are thought to result in enhanced biological variety. In the present study diversity and function of mycorrhizas were investigated in a pure stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), in a chronosequence of Scots pine stands that were underplanted with beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and in a pure beech forest. Mycorrhizal diversity was higher in the pure stand of beech compared to the pure stand of Scots pine. Beech trees in the mixed forests had dominating morphotypes that were very similar to the ones dominating in Scots pine. Therefore, it seems plausible that mycorrhiza coenosis of Scots pine is influencing the coenosis of beech in Scots pine stands being transformed into mixed stands of Scots pine and beech. However, trees in the pure beech stand were mycorrhized with other types. These types were distributed in even dominances. Along the chronosequence, frequency per soil volume and nutrient amount of beech mycorrhizas increased. Nutrient uptake was higher for mycorrhizas of older beech than for mycorrhizas of older pine. This indicates that older beech trees are able to accumulate specific nutrients in the upper mineral soil and the forest floor layer. This observation supports the hypothesis of the so-called 'base-pump effect' of the older beech trees. 1031 - PCR analysis reveals diverse fungal community in smut sori of Anthracoidea spp. on host plants, Carex spp. V. Salo 1* & R. Sen 2 1 University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology/Botany, P.O.Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FIN- 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. - 2 University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences, Division of General Microbiology, P.O.Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. - E-mail: vanamo.salo@helsinki.fi Twelve Anthracoidea populations representing six species were collected from natural populations of Carex spp. in Finland. The aim of the study was to use RFLP markers from the rDNA ITS region to complement a previous study on isozyme variation of these species. Twelve smut sori from different inflorescences in each population were examined under a light microscope before DNA extraction from teliospores and PCR amplification. Six PCR samples per population were analysed using three restriction enzymes. The results revealed considerable variation between sori in size and number of PCR products and RFLP patterns. Also the size of RFLP bands often exceeded the size of the original PCR product. All samples were analysed in high resolution gels which showed that many single bands were actually two bands almost of similar size. A set of samples producing one and multiple bands was chosen for further analysis. Single bands were isolated, cloned and sequenced. ITS sequences were compared to sequences in the GenBank database. Most bands pointed to totally different organisms than smuts, viz. Cladosporium spp. together with some other fungi. None of these fungi has previously been found in association with smuts. True Anthracoidea sequences turned out to be the longest ones detected and are among the longest fungal ITS sequences reported. The nature of the previously unknown fungal community in Anthracoidea sori, and possible relation to the smut fungus, will be discussed. 1032 - Homothallism in Cordyceps militaris H. Sato * & M. Shimazu Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kukizaki, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan. - E-mail: hirokis@ffpri.affrc.go.jp Strains from mono-ascospore, mono-part-spore and monoconidium of Cordyceps militaris produced stromata from a species of lepidopteran pupae. Hyphal bodies (yeast-like vegetative stage) of Cordyceps militaris were injected into the pupal haemocoel of Spodoptera litura and stromata formation was observed. C. militaris were isolated in July 1995, the season of the stromata production of this fungus, from the air by placing agar plates in a beech forest. Originally, four isolates were used for experiments. Hyphal bodies of the four isolates were injected to the host pupae independently, and four mono-ascospore-strains were established from their stromata. Three out of the four mono-ascospore strains produced stromata. By re-isolation from a stroma-produced-strain in the experiment above, five mono-ascospore-strains and three mono-part-sporestrains were established. The two out of the five (monoascospore) and all the three strains (mono-part-spore) produced stromata. Seven mono-conidium strains were established from the two among the original four isolates. Four out of the seven strains produced stromata. Both a part spore and a conidium contained a nucleus by ultrastructural observation. From these findings, we Book of Abstracts 311
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Cavernularia: 356 Cenococcum: 500,
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Order Index Agaricales: 40, 50, 51,
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Vukojevic, J.: 363 Vurro, M.: 116 V
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