Book of Abstracts (PDF) - International Mycological Association

IMC7 Friday August 16th Lectures
364 - Antiprotozoal activity and mitogen effect of edible
medicinal mushroom Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.
(Shiitake)
S.M. Badalyan 1* & S.H. Sisakyan 2
1 Yerevan State University, Department of Botany, 375025,
1 Aleg Manoogian St., Armenia. - 2 Yerevan State Medical
University, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics,
375025, 2 Koryun St., Armenia. - E-mail:
badalians@infocom.am
The Lentinus edodes is a worldwide-cultivated mushroom
of high nutritional value and excellent pharmacological
properties. It has been used in traditional medicine of Asian
countries as elixirium ad longam vitam. In nowadays,
different forms of dietary supplements with curative and
preventive properties are obtained from L. edodes. The
mitogen and antiprotozoal activities of L. edodes have not
been investigated sufficiently. As part of our Medicinal
Mushrooms Pharmacological Activity screening program,
the presented results concern the study of antiprotozoal
activity (APA) and mitogen effect (MGE) of L. edodes
against Paramecium caudatum. The 25-day-old mycelium
of L. edodes cultured on liquid malt-extract medium was
used. The mycelium extract (ME, 0.03%, 0.03 ml) and
cultural filtrate (CF, 0.03 and 0.06 ml; not diluted and
diluted by Lozinskii solution in ratio 2:1, 1:1, v/v) were
tested. All ME and CF samples during 76 hours showed
100% APA. The fastest effect was observed after 2 hours
under the influence of 0.03 ml CF without dilution. The
highest APA with 21% MGE showed 0.06 ml CF (2:1,
v/v). The strongest MGE (221%) possessed ME. The
revealed physiological activities of L. edodes allow us to
conclude that its exo- and endo-metabolites can be used for
formulation of different bio-preparations, with
antiprotozoal and mitogen (wound-healing) activities.
Experiments including pathogenic test-organisms
Entameoba histolytica and Balantidium coli are in
progress.
365 - Knowledge and utilisation of edible mushrooms
by local populations of the rain forest of south
Cameroon
T.W. Kuyper 1* , J.F.W. Van Dijk 2 & N.A. Onguene 3
1 Wageningen University, Soil Quality, P.O. Box 8005,
6700 EC Wageningen, The Netherlands. - 2 Wageningen
University,, P.O. BOX 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, The
Netherlands. - 3 Institute of Agricultural Research for
Development (IRAD), P.O. BOX 2123, Nkolbisson
(Yaounde), Cameroon. - E-mail:
THOM.KUYPER@BB.BENP.WAU.NL
Indigenous knowledge on edible fungi and their utilisation
by local populations in the rain forest zone of southern
Cameroon were investigated. Members of both major
tribes, Bantu and Bagyeli (Pygmy), were interviewed.
Mushroom usage was monitored on a daily basis for more
than a year. Mushroom knowledge among both Bantu and
Bagyeli is very high. More than 50 vernacular names were
retrieved. At present, about 35 species have been identified
to species level. Bantu sample most mushrooms in
secondary forests, and their mushroom diet consists mainly
of saprotrophic fungi. Bagyeli collect mushrooms more
frequently in the primary rain forest, and ectomycorrhizal
and termitophilous fungi constitute a larger part of their
diet. Some species are also used in traditional medicine.
Toxic mushrooms were not mentioned by local
populations. Some differences in mushroom collection and
consumption do exist between Bantu and Bagyeli, but
actual rates of consumption are low for both groups, with
resp. 1.4 and 1.1 kg fresh mushrooms per person per year.
Consumption is much lower than in other parts of central
and eastern Africa. Suggestions are given how the apparent
discrepancy between widespread and extensive mushroom
knowledge and rather infrequent mushroom use can be
explained.
366 - Evolutionary and co-evolutionary genomics in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C. Zeyl
Wake Forest University, Department of Biology, P.O. Box
7325, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, U.S.A. - E-mail:
zeylcw@wfu.edu
I used laboratory populations of budding yeast maintained
by daily transfers to compare rates of adaptation by haploid
and diploid populations over 2000 generations, and tested
whether adaptation occurred through many mutations or by
a few major mutations. As predicted by recent theoretical
work, haploids adapted more quickly than diploids, but lost
this advantage when the experiment was repeated with
much smaller population sizes. Genetic analysis of one
haploid evolved genotype indicates that its 72% fitness
increase is attributable to approximately 4 mutations.
Adaptive changes are being further characterized by
hybridization of genomic DNA and cDNA to microarrays.
Despite the artificial simplicity of the environment,
ecological diversity evolved from a single ancestral
genotype in at least one population within 1000
generations. Two genotypes with contrasting growth curves
are maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection
(competitive advantage when rare). Interesting interactions
also occur between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes
within cells. The population of mitochondrial
chromosomes within a cell experiences conflicting
selective pressures at different levels: selection among cells
favors mitochondria that contribute to cellular fitness by
encoding respiratory proficiency, while selection among
mitochondrial chromosomes within cells favors less
mutualistic mutants that encode no respiratory function but
replicate faster than wild-types.
Book of Abstracts 115