The life and work of St. Paul

264 THE LIFE AND WORK OF ST. PAUL.
struggled across the Hellespont in the best way they could, and triumphantly
established themselves in the -western regions of Asia Minor. But their exactions
soon roused an opposition which led to an effectual curbing of their power, and
they were gradually confined in tho central region which is partly traversed by
the valleys of the Sangarius and the Halys. Here we find them in three tribes,
each of which had its own capital. Bordering on Phrygia were the Tolisto-
bogii, with their capital Pessinus ; in the centre tho Tectosages,
with their
capital Ancyra ; and to the eastward, bordering on Pontus, were the Trocmi,
with their capital Tavium. 1
Originally the three tribes were each divided
into four tetrarchies, but at length they were united (B.C. 65) under Deiotarus,
tetrarch of the Tolistobogii, the 2
Egbert of Galatian history. The Romans
under Cn. Manlius Yulso had conquered them in B.C. 189, 3 but had left them
nominally independent ; and in B.C. 36 Mark Antony made Amyutas king.
On his death, in B.C. 25, Galatia was joined to Lycaouia and part of Pisidia,
and made a Roman province and ; since it was cno of the Imperial provinces,
it was governed by a Propraetor. This was its political condition when Paul
entered Pessinus, which, though one of the capitals, lies on the extreme
frontier, and at that time called itself Sebaste of the Tolistobogii.*
The providential cause which led to St. Paul's stay in the country was, as
he himself tells us, a severe attack of illness : and the manner in which ha
alludes to it gives us reason to infer that it was a fresh access of agony from
that " stake in the flesh " which 1 believe to have been acute ophthalmia,
accompanied, as it often is, by violent cerebral disturbance.5 In his letter to
his Galatian converts he makes a touching appeal, which in modern phraseology
might
6 " "
run as follows : Become as I am, brethren, I beseech you (i.e., free
only points to the settlement of some Teutonic community among the Gauls ; (2) the
tribe of Tsutobcdiaci, about whom we know too little to say what the name means and
;
(3) the assertion of St. Jerome that the Galatians (whom he had personally visited)
spoke a language like the people of Treves (Jer. in Ep. Gal. ii. praef.). This argument,
however, tells precisely in the opposite direction, since the expressions of Gusar and
Tacitus decisively prove that the Treveri wore Gauls (Tac. Ann. i. 43, II. iv. 71 ; Ca;s.
B. G. ii. 4, &c.), though they aped Teutonic peculiarities (Cojs. U. G. viii. 25; Tac.
Gcrni. 28). Every trait of their character, every certain, phenomenon of their language,
every proved fact of their history, shows beyond the shadow of a doubt that the Galat*,
or Gauls, were not Slavs, nor Teutons, but Celts ; and it is most probable that the names
Galatae and Celtse are etymologically identical. The ingenuity which elaborately sets
itself to overthrow accepted and demonstrated conclusions leads to endless waste of time
and space. Any who are curious to see more on the subject will find it in the Excursus
of Dr. Lightfoot's Galatians, pp. 229240.
Tolktobogii, or Tolosatcbogii, seems to combine the elements of Tolosa (Toulouse)
1
and Boii. The etymologies of Tectosages (who also occur in Aquitaine, Ca;s. B. G. vi. 24 ;
Strabo, p. 187) and Trocmi are uncertain. Other towns of the Galatte were Abrostola,
Amorium, Tolosochoriou, towns of the Tolistobogii ; Corbeus and Aspona, of the Tecto-
.sa^