Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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High prostate cancer SMRs for >10 mSv external exposure (5.9, 1.6-15.3) or exposure to tritium (8.9, 3.3-19.5); significant dose-response for prostate cancer Mean external dose 32.4 mSv Cohort study of mortality in 39,546 employees of the UK Atomic Energy Authority 1946-1979 Beral et al. 1985 ERR estimates of 2.2/Sv (90% CI 0.1-5.7; non-CLL leukemia), 4.2/Sv (90% CI 0.3-14.4; multiple myeloma), and 0.07/Sv (90% CI -0.30-0.30; solid Mean external dose 40.2 mSv Cohort study of mortality in 95,673 workers in Canada, UK, and US 1943-1988 Cardis et al. 1995 cancer) Tritium exposure associated with cancers of the lung, prostate and testicles. Plutonium exposure associated with cancers of the lung and pleura Exposure to tritium, plutonium, or other nuclides assessed without dose Cohort study of mortality in 40,761 employees of UK nuclear industry (UK Atomic Energy Authority, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Sellafield) in association with internally deposited Carpenter et al. 1998 ERR estimates of 4.2/Sv (0.4-13.4; leukemia) and – 0.02 (-0.5-0.6; all other cancers). Positive risks of pleural cancer (RR 7.1) and uterine cancer (RR 3.0) information. Mean external dose 56.5 mSv radionuclides 1946-1988 Cohort study of mortality in 75,006 employees of UK nuclear industry (UK Atomic Energy Authority, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Sellafield) 1946-1988 Case-control study of 787 lung cancer deaths and 787 controls from 4 uranium processing facilities in Missouri, Ohio and Tennessee 1943-1983 Cohort study of mortality in 44,943 employees of Hanford, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Rocky Flats facilities 1945-1986 Carpenter et al.1994 in monitored workers Lung dose 0-1.4 Gy OR 2.0 (0.4-10.9) with radon exposure Dupree et al. 1995 Facility mean external doses 22-41 mSv Gilbert et al. 1993 Radiation Workers 95 Significant dose-response trends for Hodgkin’s disease, multiple myeloma, and cancers of the esophagus and larynx. Nonsignificant ERR estimates for leukemia and solid cancer 1 . ERR for all cancer deaths after age 75 6.1/Sv (90% CI 2.2-14) ERR estimates 0.47/Sv (90% CI –0.12-1.20; all cancer), 4.3/Sv (90% CI 0.40-13.6; leukemia), and 6.9/Sv (90% CI –0.03-46; multiple myeloma). Significantly positive thyroid cancer SMR (3.0, p
96 Radiation Workers ERR estimates 0.1/Sv (90% CI –0.3-0.5; solid cancer), 2.6/Sv (90% CI 0.0-7.2; leukemia), and 4.1/Sv (90% CI 0.0-15; multiple myeloma). Significantly positive pleural cancer SMR (2.0, 1.4-2.7) Mean external dose 31 mSv Cohort study of cancer mortality in 124,743 employees on the UK National Registry for Radiation Workers 1976-1992 Muirhead et al. 1999 Significant dose-response trends for several types of cancer 2 . Significantly positive SIRs for melanoma and thyroid cancer Mean external dose 6.6 mSv Cohort study of cancer incidence in 191,333 employees on the National Dose Registry of Canada 1951-1988 Sont et al. 2001 RR 1.8 (90% CI 1.2-2.7) exposure to more than 10 mSv 92% of doses
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58: 46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60: 48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
Page 61 and 62: 50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
Page 63 and 64: 52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 69 and 70: 5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 71 and 72: 60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
Page 73 and 74: 62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76: 64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78: 66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80: 68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81 and 82: 6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 83 and 84: 72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
Page 85 and 86: 74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88: 76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90: 78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 93 and 94: 82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
Page 95 and 96: 84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
Page 99 and 100: 88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
Page 101 and 102: 90 Radiation Workers No
Page 103 and 104: 92 Radiation Workers N
Page 105: 94 Radiation Workers S
Page 109 and 110: 98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
Page 111 and 112: 100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
Page 113 and 114: 102 Mayak Workers
Page 115 and 116: 104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
Page 117 and 118: 106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
Page 119: 108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
Page 122 and 123: Uranium Miners 111
Page 124 and 125: 9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
Page 126 and 127: DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
Page 128 and 129: 10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
Page 130 and 131: of risk in the lowest dose groups,
Page 132 and 133: found elevated solid cancer risk wi
Page 134 and 135: preconception doses between 2.5 and
Page 136 and 137: Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
Page 138 and 139: Preconception Exposures 127
Page 140 and 141: Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
Page 142 and 143: cancer were both associated with th
Page 144 and 145: 0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
Page 146 and 147: elationship was not significant for
Page 148 and 149: times higher than in less-contamina
Page 150 and 151: Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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