Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuclear facilities, 154-55 and parental exposure, 30-31 and prenatal exposure, 117, 119, 168 and radiotherapy, 29 and radon, 16 and Sellafield, 149 and Semipalatinsk Test Site, 59-60 studies of incidence near nuclear facilities, 160-65 and in utero exposure, 29-30, 168 Childhood leukemia, 29-30 and Chernobyl, 135-36, 143, 171, 179 and communities near nuclear power plants, 152 and Krummel nuclear power plant, 154 and medical exposure, 177 near Dounreay, 149-50 near La Hague reprocessing plant, 151 near nuclear facilities in the UK, 148 and Nevada Test Site, 171 and nuclear power facilities, 148, 154-55 and paternal preconception exposure, 193 and preconception exposure, 190 and viruses, 153-54 Children and acute lymphocytic leukemia, 23 and atomic bomb survivors, 48, 87 and background radiation, 14, 17 and Chernobyl, 133-35, 137, 141-42, 143, 178 and hypothyroidism, 147 medical exposures, 177 near Sellafield, 149 and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 and nuclear power facilities, 154-55 and parental exposure, 30-31 and prenatal exposure, 117, 168 and radiotherapy, 26-28, 29 and radon, 16 and Semipalatinsk Test Site, 59-60 sensitivity to some forms of cancer, 195 studies of incidence near nuclear facilities, 160-65 and thyroid cancer, 24, 26, 27, 32, 133-35, 169, 183-84, 185 and thyroid disease around Chernobyl, 185 and in utero exposure, 29-30, 168 China, 107 Index 245 Chromosome aberrations and Apollo and Parks facility, 148 and background radiation, 15 and flight personnel, 114-15 near Krummel nuclear power plant, 152 and preconception exposure, 193 and Sellafield, 82-83 and Semipalatinsk Test Site, 60 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 50, 175 and pooled international data, 87 and Savannah River Site, 79 and X-rays, 21 Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 21, 175 and nuclear workers, 177 and radiation exposure, 44 Circadian rhythms, 113, 114 Circulatory disease, 86 Cirrhosis, 50 Cleanup workers, 132, 133, 139-40, 177-78, 182-83 Cohort study, 9 Mayak workers, 97 military personnel, 58 Mound facility, 81 Oak Ridge workers, 75 UK Atomic Energy Authority employees, 83 Colon cancer, 148 Colorectal cancer, 113 Cosmic radiation, 113, 115 Czechoslovakia, 107 Descriptive studies, 8 Diagnostic exposure, 19, 21-24. See also Medical exposure and leukemia, 176, 179 studies, 33-35 Digestive system and atomic bomb survivors, 49 and Chernobyl, 132, 133 and Rocketdyne workers, 77-78 DNA damage and children of atomic bomb survivors, 121 and flight personnel, 114-15 and Semipalatinsk test site, 60 uranium mining, 148 Dose-response analysis, 10-11 and atomic bomb survivors, 45, 52-53 and Chernobyl, 178 and leukemia, 178
246 Index and Oak Ridge workers, 76 and thyroid cancer, 182 Dosimetry, 44-45, 72 Doubling dose, 75 Dounreay, 149-50, 150, 151 Downwinders Chernobyl, 136, 168 and childhood leukemia, 179 and childhood thyroid cancer, 141-42 and leukemia, 178, 180 Nevada Test Site, 60-63, 180 Semipalatinsk Test Site, 59-60 DS86 dosimetry system, 44-45 Ecologic studies, 8, 146, 147 Emergency workers. See Cleanup workers Endocrine system and Chernobyl, 133 and childhood cancer, 26 metabolic disease, 185 Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), 3 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 3 Epidemiological studies, 7-9 communities near nuclear facilities, 146 flight personnel, 108 of uranium miners, 107 Eskimos, 64 Esophageal cancer, 25 and Los Alamos National Laboratory, 80 and pooled U.S. data, 85 and Semipalatinsk Test Site, 60 European Committee on Radiation Risk (ECRR), 3 Excretory system, 49 External exposure, 14, 118 and benign disease studies, 36-38 and Chernobyl, 132 and Mayak workers, 99, 194 and nuclear workers, 177 and relationship to cancer, 84 and Rocketdyne workers, 77-78 and Sellafield workers’ children, 120 and stillbirths, 121 and thyroid diseases, 182-83 F1 generation, 51 Fallout, 2, 5, 58, 61, 62, 64, 132, 178, 183 studies, 66-68, 69 Fathers and childhood cancer, 117, 121-22, 148 Feed Material Production Center (Fernald site), 82 Fernald site, 82, 88, 89 Flight personnel and leukemia, 178 and radiation exposure, 113-16 studies of cancer in, 116 Fluoroscopy, 25, 33-35 Fluorspar, 107 Follicular tumors, 181 Fractionated exposure, 25 France, 107 Gallbladder cancer, 24 Gamma radiation, 5, 6, 14, 19, 80 and atomic bomb survivors, 45 and flight personnel, 113 and Mayak workers, 97, 98, 99 and thyroid disease, 185 Gardner hypothesis, 117-19 Gender. See also Men; Women and atomic bomb survivors, 48, 52 and cancer among flight personnel, 114 and childhood cancer, 117 and diagnostic exposures, 21 and Mayak workers, 97 and Oak Ridge workers, 75 and radiation-related cancer risks, 89 and Savannah River Site workers, 79 Genetic damage, 128-29 and atomic bomb survivors, 121 and Chernobyl, 133, 136 and Sellafield, 82-83 Genital organs, 28 Genomic instability, 173 Germ cells, 133, 136, 137, 193 Germany, 107 Germline mutations, 60 Goiter, 184 Grave’s disease, 181 Hanford, 73-75 and childhood cancer, 155 health effects on communities around, 146- 47 and multiple myeloma, 86, 88 and neural tube defects, 121
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261: studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 262 and 263: (RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264: Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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