Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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ii Contents Thorotrast ............................................................................................................. 24 3.3 Radiotherapy for non-cancer disease .......................................................................... 24 Tuberculosis ......................................................................................................... 25 Ankylosingspondylitis ......................................................................................... 25 Hyperthyroidism .................................................................................................. 26 Radiotherapy for other non-cancer diseases ........................................................ 26 Radiotherapy for non-cancer disease in children ................................................. 26 3.4 Radiotherapy for cancer ............................................................................................. 28 Radiotherapy for childhood cancer ...................................................................... 29 3.5 In utero exposures ....................................................................................................... 29 3.6 Parental exposures ...................................................................................................... 30 3.7 Radiologists’ occupational exposures ......................................................................... 31 3.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 31 4. ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS ........................................................................................ 43 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 43 RERF research ..................................................................................................... 43 Doses .................................................................................................................... 44 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................ 45 4.2 Cancer mortality ......................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Noncancer mortality ................................................................................................... 48 4.4.1 Solid cancer incidence ................................................................................................ 48 4.4.2 Incidence of leukemia and related cancers ................................................................. 49 4.5 Incidence of noncancer disease .................................................................................. 50 4.6 Preconception and prenatal exposures ........................................................................ 51 4.7 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 52 Age, time and gender ........................................................................................... 52 Dose-response curves ........................................................................................... 52 Applicability to other contexts ............................................................................. 53 5. NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING .................................................................................. 58 5.1 Military personnel ...................................................................................................... 58 5.2 Semipalatinsk Test Site downwinders ........................................................................ 59 5.3 Nevada Test Site downwinders ................................................................................... 60 Leukemia .............................................................................................................. 60 Thyroid disease .................................................................................................... 61 5.4 South Pacific testing ................................................................................................... 63 5.5 Health effects in Scandinavia ..................................................................................... 63 5.6 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 63 6. RADIATION WORKERS ................................................................................................. 70 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 70 Exposure limits .................................................................................................... 70 Assessing risks ..................................................................................................... 72 6.2 US facilities ................................................................................................................ 73 Hanford ................................................................................................................ 73 Oak Ridge ............................................................................................................ 75 Oak Ridge and age at exposure ............................................................................ 76 Rocketdyne .......................................................................................................... 77
Contents iii Rocky Flats .......................................................................................................... 78 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .......................................................... 78 Savannah River Site ............................................................................................. 79 Los Alamos National Laboratory ......................................................................... 80 Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment Plant ............................................................... 80 The Mound Facility .............................................................................................. 81 Mallinckrodt Chemical Works ............................................................................. 81 Linde Air Products Company Ceramics Plant ..................................................... 81 Feed Material Production Center (Fernald site) ................................................... 82 6.3 UK facilities ................................................................................................................ 82 Sellafield .............................................................................................................. 82 Other UK facilities ............................................................................................... 83 6.4 Multi-site studies ........................................................................................................ 83 Pooled UK data .................................................................................................... 83 Pooled Canadian data ........................................................................................... 84 Pooled US data ..................................................................................................... 85 Pooled international data ...................................................................................... 86 6.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 86 Leukemia and multiple myeloma ......................................................................... 87 Solid cancer .......................................................................................................... 88 Female workers .................................................................................................... 89 Age at exposure .................................................................................................... 89 7. MAYAK WORKERS ......................................................................................................... 97 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 97 7.2 Helath effects .............................................................................................................. 97 Lung cancer .......................................................................................................... 97 Bone cancer and liver cancer ............................................................................... 98 Leukemia and related cancers .............................................................................. 99 Non-cancer disease .............................................................................................. 99 7.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 99 8. URANIUM MINERS ....................................................................................................... 103 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 103 8.2 US studies ................................................................................................................. 104 Navajo miners .................................................................................................... 106 Pathological observations .................................................................................. 106 8.3 Studies of miners in other countries ......................................................................... 106 Australia ............................................................................................................. 106 Canada ................................................................................................................ 106 China .................................................................................................................. 107 Czechoslovakia .................................................................................................. 107 France ................................................................................................................. 107 Germany ............................................................................................................. 107 Sweden ............................................................................................................... 107 8.4 Combined estimates of risk ...................................................................................... 107 8.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 108 Comparisons with residential radon studies ...................................................... 108
Page 1 and 2: Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
Page 3: Contents List of Tables ...........
Page 7 and 8: Contents v APPENDIX A .............
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
Page 11 and 12: We are indeed grateful to those who
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
Page 15 and 16: 4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
Page 17 and 18: 6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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Page 67 and 68:
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264:
Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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