Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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in this study, suggesting that a radon dose received slowly is potentially more damaging than a radon dose received quickly. The Colorado Plateau cohort was assembled by the US Public Health Service in the early years of US mining (1950) and consists of 4,126 miners with at least one month of underground experience in the mines of the Colorado Plateau (including the “four corners” states of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah). Roscoe (1997) found elevated SMRs for several diseases in this cohort 6 . For lung cancer and pneumoconiosis standardized rate ratios increased with increasing exposure or duration of employment. Stram et al. (1999) assessed the risk patterns in this cohort with adjustments for various cancer factors and additional adjustment for dose measurement error. These authors found that risks declined with exposure age (after age 54) and were higher within the 10 or 20 years after exposure. An Uranium Miners 105 Figure 8-2. Uranium mines in the US are predominantly located in the southwest and central parts of the country (www. eia.doe.gov/.../page/reserves/uresarea.html). ERR estimate of 0.0082/WLM was reported based on a model that included a smoking term and used adjusted doses. Hornung et al. analyzed the cohort periodically (1987, 1998; reviewed in Hornung 2001) and have consistently shown an inverse doserate effect and have also shown that the interaction between smoking and radon appears to be more than additive but less than multiplicative 7 . Hornung (2001) gave an estimated ERR of 0.011/WLM below age 60 with lower risk estimates for older ages. Park et al. (2002) presented an alternative risk description for the Colorado Plateau cohort and calculated lost life expectancy attributable to mine work. These authors considered death from leukemia and noncancer respiratory diseases to be attributable to the mine environment in addition to lung cancer 8 ; they estimated that each year of work in an underground mine was associated with 8-9 months of lost life expectancy. 6 SMRs for the following diseases were significantly elevated: pneumoconiosis (24.1, 16.0-33.7), lung cancer (5.8, 5.2-6.4), tuberculosis (3.7, 1.9-6.2), chronic obstructive respiratory diseases (2.8, 1.0-3.5), emphysema (2.5, 1.9- 3.2), benign and unspecified tumors (2.4, 1.0-4.6), and diseases of the blood and blood forming organs (2.4, 1.0- 5.0). 7 The combined risk from smoking and radon was greater than (smoking risk + radon risk) but less than (smoking risk x radon risk). 8 Significantly elevated SMRs were observed for leukemia (1.8, 1.1-2.9), tuberculosis (4.5, 2.6-7.3) and diseases of the respiratory system (2.9, 2.6-3.3) based on US rates.
106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (1991) evaluated risks for a cohort of 2,469 New Mexico miners that partially overlapped with the Colorado Plateau cohort. Miners in New Mexico were typically exposed to lower levels of radiation than those employed in Colorado due to the fact that their exposure began almost a decade later then the Colorado miners and so there was greater awareness of radiation risk. The ERR estimate for this group was 0.018/WLM (0.007- 0.054), although the estimate for younger workers (
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 65 and 66: 54 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 67 and 68: 56 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 69 and 70: 5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 71 and 72: 60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
Page 73 and 74: 62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76: 64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78: 66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80: 68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81 and 82: 6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 83 and 84: 72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
Page 85 and 86: 74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88: 76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90: 78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 93 and 94: 82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
Page 95 and 96: 84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
Page 99 and 100: 88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
Page 101 and 102: 90 Radiation Workers No
Page 103 and 104: 92 Radiation Workers N
Page 105 and 106: 94 Radiation Workers S
Page 107 and 108: 96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
Page 109 and 110: 98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
Page 111 and 112: 100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
Page 113 and 114: 102 Mayak Workers
Page 115: 104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
Page 119: 108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
Page 122 and 123: Uranium Miners 111
Page 124 and 125: 9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
Page 126 and 127: DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
Page 128 and 129: 10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
Page 130 and 131: of risk in the lowest dose groups,
Page 132 and 133: found elevated solid cancer risk wi
Page 134 and 135: preconception doses between 2.5 and
Page 136 and 137: Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
Page 138 and 139: Preconception Exposures 127
Page 140 and 141: Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
Page 142 and 143: cancer were both associated with th
Page 144 and 145: 0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
Page 146 and 147: elationship was not significant for
Page 148 and 149: times higher than in less-contamina
Page 150 and 151: Nuclear Power Accidents 139
Page 156 and 157: 12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
Page 158 and 159: levels (this could not in itself be
Page 160 and 161: Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
Page 162 and 163: of leukemia was measured over a lar
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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