Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
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39% <strong>of</strong> thyroid nodules were malignant, in<br />
contrast to 5% malignancy in the general<br />
public<br />
Median thyroid dose 24<br />
Gy (range 10-42 Gy)<br />
Cohort study <strong>of</strong> secondary thyroid neoplasms<br />
in 33 childhood cancer survivors, 1970-1998<br />
Acharya et<br />
al. 2003<br />
All leukemia RR 2.0 (90% CI 1.0-4.2)<br />
Estimated average bone<br />
marrow dose 7.1 Gy<br />
Case-control study (195 cases and 745<br />
controls) <strong>of</strong> leukemia risk following therapy<br />
for cervical cancer in Europe and North<br />
America<br />
Boice et al.<br />
1987<br />
Significantly increased risks <strong>of</strong> non-CLL<br />
leukemia and cancers <strong>of</strong> the rectum,<br />
bladder, stomach, and vagina 1<br />
Organ doses 2 Gy<br />
(stomach and kidney) and<br />
30-60 Gy (bladder and<br />
rectum)<br />
Case-control study (4188 cases and 6880<br />
controls) <strong>of</strong> second cancer risk following<br />
therapy for cervical cancer in Europe and<br />
North America<br />
Boice et al.<br />
1988<br />
Danish cohort: RR 2.80 (1.79-4.17) for all<br />
cancer, 66 (34-115) for retinoblastoma, 19<br />
(3.9-56) for cancers <strong>of</strong> connective tissue<br />
Gonad dose 1 cGy-45 Gy<br />
depending on primary<br />
cancer 2<br />
Cohort study <strong>of</strong> genetic disease in 6,847<br />
children <strong>of</strong> childhood cancer survivors in the<br />
US and Denmark 1970-86 (US) and 1943-96<br />
(Denmark)<br />
Boice et al.<br />
2003<br />
US cohort: cancer prevalence ratio 1.4<br />
Thyroid carcinoma RR 80 (50-120)<br />
Average thyroid dose 7.0<br />
Gy<br />
Cohort study <strong>of</strong> thyroid adenomas and<br />
carcinomas in 4,096 childhood cancer<br />
survivors in France and the UK, 1942-1985<br />
De Vathaire<br />
et al. 1999<br />
Doses not reported (high) RR 4.3 (3.0-6.2); risk highest in children<br />
first diagnosed before age 5<br />
Case-control study <strong>of</strong> second cancer in<br />
25,120 childhood cancer survivors (Nordic<br />
countries 1960-1991)<br />
Garwicz et<br />
al. 2000<br />
Medical Exposures 41<br />
1<br />
RR (90% CI) 2.02 (1.0-4.2; non-CLL leukemia), 1.83 (1.2-2.8; rectum), 4.05 (1.9-8.5; bladder), 2.08 (1.1-4.0; stomach), and 2.65 (1.0-6.3; vagina).<br />
2<br />
<strong>Radiation</strong> therapy for craniospinal tumors or neuroblastoma, for example, resulted in gonad doses <strong>of</strong> 2-125 cGy while treatment for Hodgkin’s disease,<br />
involving abdominal exposure, resulted in gonad doses <strong>of</strong> 2-45 Gy.