Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimation of doses. Dosimeter: A device for measuring x-ray output. Glossary 201 Doubling Dose: Amount of radiation needed to double the natural incidence of a genetic or somatic abnormality. Ecologic Studies: Descriptive studies that compare disease incidence between populations based on public records and so do not use case specific data. Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, and the application of this study for managing health problems. Excess Absolute Risk: The excess number of cases induced by one (EAR) unit exposure, in addition to the spontaneous number of cases. EAR is usually expressed as number of cases per year per 10 000 persons exposed to a dose of 1 Gy. Excess Relative Risk (ERR): The fraction by which the risk for an exposed person exceeds that of a person who was not exposed. An excess relative risk of 1 means the person’s risk is double that of an unexposed person. ERR = Relative Risk – 1. Extrapolate: To apply data learned about one range of doses to another range of doses. Follicular Tumors: Tumors of or relating to follicles. Fractionated exposure: Exposure to radiation that occurs in several small acute exposures, rather than continuously as in a chronic exposure. Free Radical: A molecule with an unpaired electron. Because they have a free electron, such molecules are highly reactive. Gamma Radiation: High-energy, short wavelength, electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus. Gamma radiation frequently accompanies alpha and beta emissions and always accompanies fission. Gamma rays are very penetrating and are best stopped or shielded by dense materials, such as lead or depleted uranium. Gamma rays are similar to x-rays. Gamma Ray: Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves or photons emitted from the nucleus (center) of an atom. Gardner Hypothesis: A hypothesis that says that childhood leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be caused by paternal exposure to ionizing radiation before the conception of the child. Germline Mutation: A mutation in the genetic content of a sperm or egg. Goiter: Thyroid gland enlargement. An enlarged thyroid gland may be caused by thyroiditis, benign thyroid nodules, malignancy, iodine deficiency, or any condition that causes hyperfunction or hypofunction of the gland. Graves’ disease: A distinct type of hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland. It typically produces enlargement of the thyroid gland and also may cause ocular findings.
202 Glossary Gray (Gy): The gray is a unit used to measure a quantity called absorbed dose. This relates to the amount of energy actually absorbed in some material, and is used for any type of radiation and any material. One gray is equal to one joule of energy deposited in one kg of a material. The unit gray can be used for any type of radiation, but it does not describe the biological effects of the different radiations. Absorbed dose is often expressed in terms of hundredths of a gray, or centrigrays (cGy). One centrigray is equivalent to one rad. Hairy cell leukemia: A chronic low-grade hematological malignancy (associated with blood and blood forming tissues) of abnormally shaped, like “hairy cells”, B lymphocytes (a white blood cell responsible for much of the body’s immune protection). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A common autoimmune illness in which there is inflammation, and then destruction and fibrosis of the thyroid gland, ultimately resulting in hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone replacement is required. Women are much more commonly affected than men. Healthy Survivor Effect: a variant of the healthy worker effect. When present, bias results because workers must remain healthy to continue their employment. Continued employment is associated with increasing age and increasing exposure but not necessarily increasing risk of disease. Thus long term employees are long term survivors. Healthy Worker Effect: A type of selection bias that occurs in occupational cohorts in which the general population is used as the comparison group. In these studies, workers tend to have lower overall morbidity and mortality rates than the general population because people in employment are by definition healthier than the population as a whole which includes those people too ill to work. Hemangioma: A benign tumor of dilated blood vessels. Hematological Tumors: sometimes also known as “liquid tumors”—are chiefly comprised of lymphomas, myelomas and leukemias. High-LET: Linear energy transfer refers to the measurement of the number of ionizations which radiation causes per unit distance as it traverses the living cell or tissue. The concept involves lateral damage along the path, in contrast to path length or penetration capability. Medical X-rays and most natural background radiation are low LET radiation, while alpha particles have high LET. Hodgkin’s disease: A malignant lymphoma (neoplasms originating from white blood cells responsible for much of the body’s immune protection) marked by the Reed-Sternberg cell, a giant, multinucleated cell. Hormesis: the stimulating effect of a small dose of radiation that is toxic in larger doses; as well as the controversial hypothesis that very low doses of ionizing radiation may not be harmful and may even have beneficial effects. Hyperthyroidism: A disease caused by excessive levels of thyroid hormone in the body. Hypocenter: The location on the ground vertically below the air burst point of an atomic bomb.
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
Page 162 and 163: of leukemia was measured over a lar
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Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201: Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261: studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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