Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Thyroid cancer rate ratio 5.5 3 ; breast cancer RR 2.11 (90% CI 1.05-4.24) Average doses 9 cGy (thyroid) and 1.6 cGy (breast) Cohort study of thyroid and breast cancer incidence in over 10,902 children (and 10,902 matched controls) treated for tinea capiti in Israel, 1949-1960 Modan et al. 1977, 1989 RR 4.0 (2.3-7.9); significant linear dose-response Mean thyroid dose 9.3 cGy; range 4.5-49.5 cGy Cohort study of brain and CNS tumors following childhood treatment for tinea capitis in Israel (1948- 1960; 10,834 exposed and 10,834 nonexposed subjects) Ron et al. 1989 ERR 7.7/Gy (2.1-28.7) for exposure age 15 Mean dose in pooled cohort 0.37 Gy Pooled analysis of thyroid cancer in seven external exposure cohorts (approximately 58,000 exposed and 61,000 nonexposed subjects) Ron et al. 1995 Sample too small to be informative; no significant difference in cancer mortality compared to general population 17-24 Gy per series (some patients had 2 or 3 series) Cohort study of cancer mortality following treatment for 250 cases of Graves’ ophthalmopathy 4 in Germany, 1963-1978 Schaeffer et al. 2002 SIRs 3.0 (1.3-5.9; brain cancer) and 3.2 (1.5-6.1; leukemia) Mean doses of 4 Gy (bone marrow of the skull), 1.4 Gy (brain), and 0.06 Gy (thyroid) Cohort study of disease outcomes following treatment for tinea capitis in 5,604 children 5 (New York City, 1940-1959) Shore et al. 2003 Medical Exposures 37 3 Based on reported rates of 1.1/1,000 in exposed cases and 0.2/1,000 in unexposed controls 4 Grave’s opthalmopathy is an eye disorder associated with hyperthyroidism that is characterized by protrusion of the eye, inflammation and general eye pain. It has been treated in some cases with high, localized radiation exposure. 5 2,224 children were treated with radiation and 1,380 received non-radiation treatment
38 Medical Exposures Mean total body dose 2.6 Gy Increased risk of cancer (RR 1.30, 1.24- 1.35) with a significant dose-response relationship 7 and time-dependent risks of various sites 8 Cohort study of cancer mortality in 15,577 ankylosing spondylitis patients treated in the UK, 1935-1957 Weiss et al. 1994 Non-CLL leukemia RR 3.11 (2.37-4.07) with a strong trend over time 9 ; ERR during the first 25 years after exposure 12.37/Gy (2.25-52.07) 10 Mean bone marrow dose 4.4 Gy Cohort study of leukemia mortality in 14,767 ankylosing spondylitis patients treated in the UK, 1935-1957 Weiss et al. 1995 Brain tumor RR 15 (0.8-286); thyroid cancer RR 4.2 (0.4-47) Typical doses of 0.78 Gy (lower brain) and 0.09 Gy (thyroid) Cohort study of cancer incidence in 2,925 people who had been exposed to nasopharyngeal radium treatment in childhood (Maryland, 1943-1960) Yeh et al. 2001 The ERR for non-leukemia cancer mortality was estimated to be 0.1/Gy (0.04-0.18) in a simple linear model. A more accurate estimate for the low-dose region, however, may be 0.28/Gy (0.07-0.48), the linear coefficient in a linear-quadratic model. This compares to an ERR of 0.47/Gy in the atomic bomb 7 survivors (Preston et al. 2003). 8 In addition to leukemia (see next reference), there were significantly positive risks of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and cancers of the esophagus, colon, pancreas, larynx, lung, bones, connective tissue, prostate, bladder, and kidney. For colon and lung cancers, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and cancer generally the risk declined over time. For all non-leukemia cancers the RR was 1.38 over the 5-25 years after exposure, declining to 1.16 for the period more than 25 years after exposure. 9 The RR was 11.01 over the first five years after exposure and declined to 1.87 for the period 25 or more years after exposure 10 The estimated ERR of 12.37/Gy is the linear term of a compartmental linear-exponential model. The estimated ERR for 25-40 years after exposure was 5.18/Gy (0.81-23.63)
Page 1 and 2: Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables ...........
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
Page 7 and 8: Contents v APPENDIX A .............
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
Page 11 and 12: We are indeed grateful to those who
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
Page 15 and 16: 4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
Page 17 and 18: 6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
Page 47: 36 Medical Exposures
Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58: 46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60: 48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
Page 61 and 62: 50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
Page 63 and 64: 52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 69 and 70: 5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 71 and 72: 60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
Page 73 and 74: 62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76: 64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78: 66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80: 68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81 and 82: 6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 83 and 84: 72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
Page 85 and 86: 74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88: 76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90: 78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 93 and 94: 82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
Page 95 and 96: 84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264:
Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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