Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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39% of thyroid nodules were malignant, in contrast to 5% malignancy in the general public Median thyroid dose 24 Gy (range 10-42 Gy) Cohort study of secondary thyroid neoplasms in 33 childhood cancer survivors, 1970-1998 Acharya et al. 2003 All leukemia RR 2.0 (90% CI 1.0-4.2) Estimated average bone marrow dose 7.1 Gy Case-control study (195 cases and 745 controls) of leukemia risk following therapy for cervical cancer in Europe and North America Boice et al. 1987 Significantly increased risks of non-CLL leukemia and cancers of the rectum, bladder, stomach, and vagina 1 Organ doses 2 Gy (stomach and kidney) and 30-60 Gy (bladder and rectum) Case-control study (4188 cases and 6880 controls) of second cancer risk following therapy for cervical cancer in Europe and North America Boice et al. 1988 Danish cohort: RR 2.80 (1.79-4.17) for all cancer, 66 (34-115) for retinoblastoma, 19 (3.9-56) for cancers of connective tissue Gonad dose 1 cGy-45 Gy depending on primary cancer 2 Cohort study of genetic disease in 6,847 children of childhood cancer survivors in the US and Denmark 1970-86 (US) and 1943-96 (Denmark) Boice et al. 2003 US cohort: cancer prevalence ratio 1.4 Thyroid carcinoma RR 80 (50-120) Average thyroid dose 7.0 Gy Cohort study of thyroid adenomas and carcinomas in 4,096 childhood cancer survivors in France and the UK, 1942-1985 De Vathaire et al. 1999 Doses not reported (high) RR 4.3 (3.0-6.2); risk highest in children first diagnosed before age 5 Case-control study of second cancer in 25,120 childhood cancer survivors (Nordic countries 1960-1991) Garwicz et al. 2000 Medical Exposures 41 1 RR (90% CI) 2.02 (1.0-4.2; non-CLL leukemia), 1.83 (1.2-2.8; rectum), 4.05 (1.9-8.5; bladder), 2.08 (1.1-4.0; stomach), and 2.65 (1.0-6.3; vagina). 2 Radiation therapy for craniospinal tumors or neuroblastoma, for example, resulted in gonad doses of 2-125 cGy while treatment for Hodgkin’s disease, involving abdominal exposure, resulted in gonad doses of 2-45 Gy.
42 Medical Exposures Gilbert et Case-control study of lung cancer in Median radiotherapy dose 32 ERR 0.15/Gy (0.06-0.39) al. 2003 Hodgkin’s Disease survivors (227 cases Gy; mean dose to specific site and 455 controls, international, 1965-1994) of lung cancer diagnosis 24 Gy Median thyroid dose1.0 Gy RR 0.86 (0.14-5.13) 3 Cohort study of thyroid cancer incidence in German children diagnosed with (789) or without (1,118) I-131, 1989-1997 Hahn et al. 2001 ~40 Gy to the neck area Thyroid cancer RR 15.6 (6.3-32.5); increases in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism Cohort study of thyroid disease in 1787 Hodgkin’s disease patients treated at Stanford University 1961-1989 Hancock et al. 1991 ~40 Gy to the neck area Incidence RR 4.1 (2.5-5.7) overall and 136 (34-371) with treatment before age 15 Cohort study of breast cancer in 885 female Hodgkin’s disease patients treated at Stanford University 1961-1990 Hancock et al. 1993 12-30 Gy RR 1.7 (1.1-2.5) Cohort study of second cancers in 5,006 childhood ALL survivors (Germany, 1979- 1995) Loning et al. 2000 RR 3.1 (0.7-22) with radiotherapy and not chemotherapy Mean bone marrow dose 12.6 Gy International case-control study of leukemia in 18,567 testicular cancer survivors, 1970- 1993 Travis et al. 2000 Local doses up to ~200 Gy RR 17 (15-19) overall and 30 (26-47) in patients with hereditary retinoblastoma. Cancer risk mainly seen as sarcomas 4 Cohort and case-control study of cancer incidence in 1,604 retinoblastoma patients treated in Massachusetts and New York, 1914-1984 Wong et al. 1997 3 SIRs were elevated for both exposed (SIR 4.2, 0.5-15.1) and nonexposed (SIR 5.3, 1.1-15.3) groups based on 5 total cases. 4 Out of 199 second cancers 70 were osteosarcomas and 44 were soft tissue sarcomas. The ERR for sarcomas was 0.19/Gy (0.14-32).
Page 1 and 2: Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables ...........
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
Page 7 and 8: Contents v APPENDIX A .............
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
Page 11 and 12: We are indeed grateful to those who
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
Page 15 and 16: 4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
Page 17 and 18: 6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
Page 51: 40 Medical Exposures
Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58: 46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60: 48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
Page 61 and 62: 50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
Page 63 and 64: 52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 69 and 70: 5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 71 and 72: 60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
Page 73 and 74: 62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76: 64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78: 66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80: 68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81 and 82: 6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 83 and 84: 72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
Page 85 and 86: 74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88: 76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90: 78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 93 and 94: 82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
Page 95 and 96: 84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
Page 99 and 100: 88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
Page 101 and 102: 90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
Page 105 and 106:
94 Radiation Workers S
Page 107 and 108:
96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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Page 154 and 155:
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239:
Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
Page 242 and 243:
Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247:
Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 262 and 263:
(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264:
Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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