Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA), 103 Radiation therapy, 182 Radiation workers, 70-96 cancer mortality, 194 and childhood leukemia, 120 Radiography, 176 Radioiodine. See Iodine-131 Radiologists, 19. See also Occupational exposure and leukemia, 177 occupational exposure to radiation, 31 studies about risks, 33-35 Radiotherapy, 20 for cancer, 28 for childhood cancer, 29 for non-cancer disease, 24-28 parental exposure and childhood cancer, 30-31 studies, 41-42 Radium, 2 Radon, 13, 15-17 and childhood cancer, 16 and leukemia, 119 and lung cancer, 16-17, 108, 169 and miners, 16, 104, 107, 110-12 and myeloid leukemia, 16 residential studies, 108-9 and smoking, 105 Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, 153, 155 Rectal cancer, 28 Reindeer, 64 Renal cancer, 114 RERF (Radiation Effects Research Foundation), 43 Respiratory system and atomic bomb survivors, 49 and cancer among flight personnel, 114 and Chernobyl, 133 diseases among Navajo miners, 106 and mine workers, 105 Retinoblastoma, 29, 30 Ringworm, 27 Risk assessment, 72-73 Risk terminology, 9-10 Rocketdyne, 77-78 and age at exposure cancer risks, 89 and lung cancer, 88 Index 251 and multiple myeloma, 88 Rocky Flats, 78 and brain cancer, 88 and cancer, 147 and cancer in nearby communities, 154 and contamination, 154 and lung cancer, 88 Rosyth nuclear submarine base, 151 Royal Ordnance Factory, 150 Russian National Medical and Dosimetric Registry (RNDMR), 132 Salivary gland, 79 San Onofre plant, 147 Savannah River Site, 79, 87-88 Scandinavia, 63 Scoliosis, 169 Seascale, 117-18, 122, 193 and childhood cancer, 149 Sellafield, 82-83, 117 and brain cancer, 88 and childhood cancer, 149 and kidney cancer, 86 and multiple myeloma, 88 and pleural cancer, 88 workers’ children, 120-21 Semipalatinsk Test Site, 59-60 and DNA damage in children, 121 fallout, 183 and germline mutations, 137 and leukemia, 178 studies, 66 Shiprock uranium mining area, 148, 155 Skin cancer and atomic bomb survivors, 49 and flight personnel, 114, 115 Slovak Republic, 152, 153 Small intestine cancer, 26 Smoking, 13, 52, 97, 98, 105, 106 Solid cancer. See also Tumors, solid and atomic bomb survivors, 45-46, 48-49, 52-53, 168 and Chernobyl, 132 and communities near nuclear power plants, 152 and Mayak nuclear weapons production complex, 153 and pooled data, 85, 86, 88 and preconception exposures, 120-21, 126-
252 Index 27 and radiation workers, 194 and Semipalatinsk test site, 60 and Techa River residents, 168 and UKNRBP workers, 84 and X-rays, 23 South Pacific testing, 63, 69 Soviet Union Mayak Production Association, 97-102 Spain, 152 Springfields facility, 83 Stillbirths, 121, 122-23 around Sellafield, 149 and preconception irradiation, 128-29 studies of incidence near nuclear facilities, 166 Stomach cancer, 26 and Nevada Test Site, 61 and Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment Plant, 80 and Semipalatinsk Test Site, 60 Strontium-90, 61 Supralinear model, 11, 45-46, 48, 75 Sweden, 107, 152 T-cells, 50, 133 Techa River, 97, 153, 168, 194. See also Mayak workers Testicular cancer, 28, 84 Therapeutic exposures, 28-29 Thorotrast, 24, 176 Three Mile Island, 130-31 and childhood cancer, 14 health effects on communities around, 145 studies of health effects, 138 Threshold dose, 167, 173-74 Thyroid cancer, 22, 26 and atomic bomb survivors, 49 and Chernobyl, 131, 132, 133-35, 141-42 in children, 24, 26, 27, 133-35, 185 and external radiation, 182-83 and Hanford, 146, 147 and Hodgkin’s disease, 182 and internal radiation, 183 and Iodine-131, 23-24 and medical exposure, 19, 32, 169 and Nevada Test Site, 61, 62 and radiotherapy, 27, 28 risk estimates for various exposures, 186 in Scandinavia, 63 and Semipalatinsk Test Site, 60 and South Pacific testing, 63 in UKNRBP workers, 84 and X-rays, 26 Thyroid disease, 181-86 around Hanford, 146 and atomic bomb survivors, 50, 51 and Nevada Test Site, 61-63 and nuclear weapons testing, 58 and radiation, 184-85 and South Pacific testing, 63 Thyroiditis, 51, 184 Thyrotoxicosis, 147, 184 Time since exposure, 52 and Oak Ridge, 76 and uranium mining, 108 Tinea capitis, 25, 27, 169 Tobacco, 13, 28 Translocations, 60 Tritium, 80, 83, 84 Tuberculosis, 25 Tumors, solid, 181 and atomic bomb survivors, 44, 48-49 and mine workers, 106 Ulcers, 26 United Kingdom and childhood leukemia, 148 and diagnostic X-rays, 23 nuclear weapons facilities, 82-84 pooled data for radiation workers, 83 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. See UNSCEAR United States nuclear weapons facilities, 73-82 pooled data for radiation workers, 85-86 studies of uranium miners, 104-7 UNSCEAR, 3 and Mayak workers, 97 worker exposure limits, 70 Uranium, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87. See also Miners and chromosome aberrations, 148 miners, 103-12 at Oak Ridge, 75, 76 Uterine bleeding, 26 Uterine cancer, 84, 86 Uterine myoma, 50
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261: studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 264: Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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