Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Table 3-1. Studies of diagnostic x-ray exposure (including fluoroscopies and radiologists’ exposures) Source Study Information Exposure Results SMR 1.41 (1.03-1.90) for radiologists registered more than 40 years Annual exposures decreased over time 1 Cohort study of cancer mortality in 2,698 radiologists in the UK, 1897-1997 Berrington et al. 2001 Mean dose 0.79 Gy RR 1.29 (1.1-1.5) Cohort study of breast cancer risk in 4,940 tuberculosis patients treated with fluoroscopy, 1925-1954 Boice et al. 1991 Non-CLL leukemia RR 0.9 (0.5-1.8); significantly positive SMRs for several cancer sites 2 Mean doses of 0.8 Gy (breast, lung, esophagus) and 0.09 Gy (bone marrow) Cohort study of lung cancer mortality in 13,385 Massachusetts tuberculosis patients treated with fluoroscopy, 1925-1954 Davis et al. 1989 SMR 0.79 for all cancers; breast cancer SMR 1.5 (1.2-1.9) for those certified before 1940. Strong healthy worker effect observed Exposure defined by numbers of years certified Cohort study of cancer mortality in 143,517 US radiologists, 1926-1990 Doody et al. 1998 3 Breast cancer SMR 1.69 (1.3-2.1) Mean breast dose 10.8 cGy (range 0-170 cGy) Cohort study of breast cancer mortality in 5,573 female scoliosis patients diagnosed with radiation in the US, 1912-65 Doody et al. 2000 ERR 5.4/Gy (1.2-14.1) Significantly positive risk of AML and CML among males exposed to 11 or more x-ray exams 4 ; positive exposure-response trend apparent but not quantified by authors Exposure defined by numbers of exams Case-control study of leukemia after diagnostic radiation exposure (1,414 cases and 1,320 controls, upstate NY, Minneapolis and Baltimore metropolitan regions, 1959-1962) Gibson et al. 1972 No significant difference between cases and controls Hallquist and Näsman 2001 Medical Exposures 33 Mean thyroid doses 7.0 mGy (cases) and 7.4 mGy (controls) Case-control study of thyroid cancer following adult exposure to diagnostic x-rays in northern Sweden, 1980-1989 1 Mean annual exposure 1.0 Sv (1920s-30s), 100 mSv (1940s), 50 mSv (early 1950s), 5 mSv (1964) and 0.5 mSv/yr (1993). 2 Significantly increased SMRs were observed for all cancer (1.5) and cancers of the larynx (3.6), esophagus (2.5), mouth (3.3), large intestine (1.7), and bladder (1.9). 3 This cohort was revisited by Sigurdson et al. in 2003 4 Significantly positive risks of CML seen with 11 or more exams (RR 1.60) and 11 or more trunk exposures (RR 2.22). Risks of AML were significantly positive for 41 or more exams (2.34) and 41 or more trunk exposures (RR 5.06).
34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Studies of diagnostic x-ray exposure (including fluoroscopies and radiologists’ exposures) (continued) Source Study Information Exposure Results Average dose 10 mGy RR for childhood cancer incidence 2.4 (1.0- 5.9) Case-control study of childhood cancer following prenatal x-ray exposure (over 32,000 subjects born in Connecticut 1930-1969) Harvey et al. 1985 Mean lung dose 1.02 Sv Lung cancer mortality RR 1.00 (0.94-1.07) at 1 Sv and 1.09 (0.80-1.50) at 2-3 Sv Howe 1995 Cohort study of lung cancer mortality in 64,172 Canadian tuberculosis patients treated with fluoroscopy, 1950-1987 Dose information unknown OR 1.16 (0.87-1.55) for 1 x-ray and 1.48 (1.11-1.97) for 2 or more x-rays Case-control study of childhood ALL in association with postnatal x-rays (701 cases and 701 controls, 1980-1993, Canada) Infante-Rivard 2003 RR 1.94 (p
Page 1 and 2: Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables ...........
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
Page 7 and 8: Contents v APPENDIX A .............
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
Page 11 and 12: We are indeed grateful to those who
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
Page 15 and 16: 4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
Page 17 and 18: 6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58: 46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60: 48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
Page 61 and 62: 50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
Page 63 and 64: 52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 69 and 70: 5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 71 and 72: 60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
Page 73 and 74: 62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76: 64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78: 66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80: 68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81 and 82: 6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 83 and 84: 72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
Page 85 and 86: 74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88: 76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90: 78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 91 and 92: 80 Radiation Workers Figure 6-10. A
Page 93 and 94: 82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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86 Radiation Workers Figure 6-14. A
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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