Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Streams of beta particles are known as beta ray or beta radiation. Beta rays may cause skin burns and are harmful within the body. A thin sheet of metal can afford protection to the skin. Biokinetic Models: A method used for measuring radiation dose effects by describing the deposition and movement of material throughout the body. It is derived from biokinetics, the study of growth changes and movements in developing organs. This is valuable to radiation risk studies as it incorporates the unique responses of individuals with different physiological properties and metabolic processes. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR): A committee put together by the National Research Council, USA to study the effects of radiation to evaluate risk and create safety standards. Birth Defect: A physiological or structural abnormality that develops at or before birth and is present at the time of birth, especially as a result of faulty development, infection, heredity, or injury. Also called congenital anomaly. Bystander Effects: The response of cells that are not directly traversed by radiation but respond with gene induction and production of potential genetic and carcinogenic changes. In short, cells not directly exposed to radiation may still be affected adversely. Cancer: Malignant neoplasia marked by the uncontrolled growth of cells, often with invasion of healthy tissues locally or throughout the body. Case Report/Case Survey: Report of a single case of a disease. Case-Control Study: A case-control study is a method of studying the relative risks of having or developing a disease or condition. In this study methodology, the exposure experience of cases (persons with the condition) is compared to that for controls (persons without the condition). Casecontrol studies are efficient designs for estimating the relative risks of developing disease (including controlling for other factors, such as age or sex), but they generally are not used for measuring the prevalence or incidence of conditions. Central Nervous System (CNS): The brain and spinal cord. Cerebral Angiography: A radiology procedure using x-ray and opaque dye that helps identify abnormalities of the blood vessels within the brain. Chromosome aberrations: An abnormality in chromosomes regarding their number or material. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): A malignancy in which abnormal lymphocytes (a white blood cell responsible for much of the body’s immune protection), usually B cells, proliferate and infiltrate body tissues, often causing lymph node enlargement and immune dysfunction. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML): A hematological malignancy marked by a sustained increase in the number of granulocytes (a large glanular white blood cell), splenic enlargement, and a specific cytogenetic anomaly (of abnormal cell structure or function) in the bone marrow. Circadian Rhythm: Diverse yet predictable changes in physiological variables, including sleep, appetite, temperature, and hormone secretion, over a 24-hour period.
200 Glossary Cohort study: A study in which a population (i.e., a cohort) is defined according to the presence or absence of a factor that might influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The cohort is then followed to determine if those exposed to the factor are indeed at greater risk of the outcome. Committed dose equivalent: The dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50 year period following the intake. Committed Effective Dose Equivalent: The sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to these organs or tissues. Confidence Intervals: The computed interval with a given probability (i.e., 95%) that the true value of the statistic—such as a mean, proportion, or rate—is contained within the interval. Congenital Malformations: Abnormal shapes or structures present at birth. Continuous Variable: A variable that can take any value measured on a continuous scale, for example: height, weight, age. Cross-Sectional Surveys: Descriptive studies that compare disease status, demographics and distance from a hazardous facility of a randomly selected group near a facility with a randomly selected group located not near the facility. Curie (ci): The curie is a unit used to measure radioactivity. One curie is that quantity of a radioactive material that will have 37, 000, 000, 000 transformations in one second. Often radioactivity is expressed in smaller units like thousandths (mCi), millionths (uCi) or even billionths (nCi) of a curie. A becquerel is a unit that describes one radioactive disintegration per second. Cytogenetics: The study of chromosomes. Deep Dose Equivalent: Applies to external whole-body exposure and is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of one centimeter (1000 mg/cm 2 ). Descriptive Studies: Descriptive studies explore associations between exposure and disease incidence and sometimes precede more expensive and time-consuming analytical studies. Ecologic studies are descriptive studies that compare disease incidence between populations based on public records and so do not use case specific data. Dose: The absorbed dose, given in rads (or in SI units, (Gy) grays), that represents the energy in ergs or Joules absorbed from the radiation per unit mass of tissue. Furthermore, the biologically effective dose or dose equivalent, given in rem or sieverts, is a measure of the biological damage to living tissue from radiation exposure. Dose Rate Effectiveness Factor (DREF): A factor by which the effect caused by a specific type of radiation changes at low as compared to high dose rate. Dose-response: Correlation between a quantified exposure (dose) and the proportion of a population demonstrating a specific effect (response).
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
Page 160 and 161: Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
Page 162 and 163: of leukemia was measured over a lar
Page 164 and 165: (RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
Page 166 and 167: more that we can say about this app
Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201: Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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