Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (UV), and microwaves with a large spectrum of energies. These examples of electromagnetic waves do not cause ionizations of atoms because they do not carry enough energy to separate molecules or remove electrons from atoms. We are concerned with the health effects caused by alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Radiation Effects Research Foundation: The Board on Radiation Effects Research (BRER) is responsible for National Academies’ activities related to the study of the health effects in the atomic bomb survivors at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. RERF is a Japanese not-for-profit private foundation and its research has been supported as a binational project for over 50 years. RERF is the successor to the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC), which was established in 1947 by Presidential Directive. Radioactive Contamination: Unwanted and/or hazardous radioactive material distributed over some area, equipment or person. Radioactive Material: Radioactive material is any material that contains radioactive atoms. Radioactivity: Radioactivity is the spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom and often results in the emission of radiation. This process is referred to as a transformation, decay or a disintegration of an atom. Radiogenic Cancers: Cancers that have been shown to be able to be caused by radiation exposure. Radiosensitive: Readily effected by radiation Radium dial painters: In the early 1920’s radium based paint, used for its luminescent attributes for glow-in-the-dark products, like watch dials. The painters of the products inhaled and consumed, through licking their paint brushes to create finer lines, low doses of radium. However low the dose, the internal exposure eventually resulted in many radiation related deaths. Radon daughters: Short-lived decay products of radon-222 (Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214). Relative Biological Effect: The effectiveness of types of radiation compared with that of x-rays or gamma rays. Relative risk: The ratio between the number of cancer cases in the irradiated population to the number of cases expected in the unexposed population. A relative risk of 1.1 indicates a 10 percent increase in cancer due to radiation, compared to the “normal” incidence. Renal cancer: Cancer to the kidney. Reticuloendothelial System (RES): An old name for mononuclear phagocytic system. Retrospective cohort studies: A clinical study in which patients or their records are investigated after the patients have experienced the disease, condition, or treatment. Rem (Roentgen Equivalent in Man): This relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation. To determine equivalent dose (rem), you multiply absorbed dose (rad) by a quality factor that is unique to the type of incident radiation. For gamma and beta
208 Glossary radiation, one rem equals one rad. For alpha radiation one rad equals 20 rems. One sievert (sv) is equal to 100 rem. Roentgen: A unit for describing the exposure dose of x-rays or gamma rays. One unit can liberate enough electrons and positrons to produce emissions of either charge of one electrostatic unit of electricity per 0.001293 g of air (the weight of 1 cm 3 of dry air at 0°C and at 760 mm Hg). Sievert (Sv): The sievert is a unit used to derive a quantity called equivalent dose. This relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation. Not all radiation has the same biological effect, even for the same amount of absorbed dose. Equivalent dose is often expressed in terms of millionths of a sievert, or micro-sievert. To determine equivalent dose (Sv), you multiply absorbed dose (Gy) by a quality factor (Q) that is unique to the type of incident radiation. One sievert is equivalent to 100 rem. Significance: See statistical significance Spontaneous abortion: the unaided termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches a viable age (between 20 to 24 weeks). Statistical Significance: “Statistical significance” means statistical analysis has revealed an effect unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. The level of significance refers to the degree to which the result could be explained by chance. At the .05 (5%) level the result could have occurred by chance 1 time in 20; at the .01 (1%) level the result could have occurred by chance only 1 time in 100. Any effect observed in a study or experiment carries with it some degree of uncertainty, or imprecision, because of randomness and variability in most biological phenomena. Statistical techniques evaluate an observed effect in view of its precision to determine with what probability it might have arisen by chance (the level of significance). Values with a low probability of occurring by chance are called “statistically significant” and are thought to represent a real effect. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR): a ratio of the measured incidences of a disease to the number of expected incidences based on the general population’s rates. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR): The number of deaths observed in the study population to the number of deaths that would be expected in the study population standardized to the general population. Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus. Supramultiplicitive: The combined effect of factors that is more than the independent effect of the factors being multiplied together T Cell: A lymphoid cell from the bone marrow that migrates to the thymus gland, where it develops into a mature differentiated lymphocyte that circulates between blood and lymph, serving as one of the primary cells of the immune response. Tailing: The refuse material resulting from washing, concentrating, or treating ground/crushed ore that is discharged from a mill. Threshold: A minimum dose that will produce an effect
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201: Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261: studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 262 and 263: (RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264: Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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