Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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viii List of Figures Figure 6-1 The United States nuclear weapons complex comprised dozens of industrial facilities and laboratories across the country .......................................................71 Figure 6-2(a) The first external monitoring devices were pocket ionization chambers and pocket dosimeters (basically tubes the size of pens containing a wire with an electrical charge that decreased upon exposure to radiation) ..........................72 Figure 6-2(b) Pocket dosimeters were replaced by film badges. A worker here is pictured checking film badges in 1974 ...............................................................................72 Figure 6-3 Located at the Hanford site in Washington and completed in September 1944, the B Reactor was the world’s first large-scale plutonium production reactor ...................................................................................................................74 Figure 6-4 Plutonium is handled through a glovebox at the Plutonium Finishing Plant at the Hanford site .................................................................................................75 Figure 6-5 A low-level solid waste burial ground at Oak Ridge National Laboratory ..........76 Figure 6-6 The effect of exposure age on the risk of cancer mortality in Oak Ridge workers .................................................................................................................77 Figure 6-7 Radiation-safety technicians check workers for contamination before they exit a Rocky Flats facility .............................................................................77 Figure 6-8 Today the X-Y Retriever Room at Rocky Flats is used to store surplus plutonium ..............................................................................................................78 Figure 6-9 Association between lung dose and lung cancer mortality among Rocky Flats workers employed for 15-25 years ..............................................................79 Figure 6-10 A pool type reactor at the Livermore facility is pictured here ..............................80 Figure 6-11 Dr. John Gofman (second from left) at the time that this photo was taken (1960s) was the first Associate Director for the Biomedical Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ...........................................................80 Figure 6-12 Barrels of transuranic waste site on a concrete pad at the Savannah River Site ..............................................................................................................81 Figure 6-13 A worker holding uranium metal product at Fernald ............................................82 Figure 6-14 A facility at Hanford for treating persons injured by embedded radioactive particles (circa 1967) ............................................................................................86 Figure 8-1 The process of uranium mining and milling from ore to its reactor useable form is depicted here .........................................................................................103 Figure 8-2 Uranium mines in the US are predominantly located in the southwest and central parts of the country .................................................................................105 Figure 8-3 Many uranium mines were located on Native American reservations ...............107 Figure 8-4 Dependence of lung cancer risk estimate on dose based on a combined analysis of the lung cancer mortality risk in 11 cohorts of miners .....................108 Figure 11-1 Radiation emissions and incidence of lung cancer, 1981-1985, in the TMI 10-mile area ........................................................................................................130 Figure 11-2. Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory map the plumes of radiation originating from the Chernobyl accident ............................132 Figure 12-1 A map showing the approximate location of worldwide commercial nuclear plants 145 Figure 12-2 A leaky drum at the 903 pad at Rocky Flats. Photo courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy ........................................................................................148 Figure 12-3 Native Americans from San Ildefonso Pueblo and Los Alamos residents .........149 Figure 13-1 Estimated solid cancer mortality risk coefficient over increasing ranges of dose .................................................................................................................174 Figure A-1 Leukemia risk across exposure ages in populations downwind of Chernobyl and the Nevada Test Site .....................................................................................180
We are indeed grateful to those who have helped bring about this document, assisting us in the research, writing, and compilation of figures, tables, and images. Without Abel Russ, Research Associate at the George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, this project would not have been realized. He was the primary researcher and writer of this document. Casey Burns provided thoughtful research and lead writing on major sections of the manuscript. Several research assistants, Jessica Cook, Rose Heil, and Katie Scott explored some of the many studies included in this document. Our discussions with Rob Goble, Research Professor at the Marsh Institute and Physics Professor at Clark University, in the early conceptual stages of the book, helped us get off to a good start. Seth Tuler, Research Fellow at the Marsh Institute, encouraged us and made suggestions along the way. Lu Ann Pacenka, Desktop Publisher at the Marsh Institute, played a key role in the layout and design of this document. We are grateful also to the members of the Western Shoshone tribes in Nevada and California, Southern Paiutes bands in Utah, members of the Laguna and Acoma Pueblos in New Mexico and organizational members of the Alliance for Nuclear Accountability with whom we have worked over the years and all of whom have inspired us to produce this manuscript. The production of this resource was made possible through a grant from RESOLVE, Inc. on behalf of the Citizens’ Monitoring and Technical Assessment Fund (CMTA). The Fund was created as part of a 1998 court settlement between the U.S. Department of Energy and 39 nonprofit peace and environmental groups around the country. The Fund provided financial support to organizations, such as ours, to conduct technical and scientific reviews and analyses of environmental management activities at DOE sites and to disseminate those reviews and analyses. My thanks and appreciation to all. Acknowledgments ix Octavia Taylor, Program Manager Community-Based Hazard Management George Perkins Marsh Institute Clark University Worcester, MA
Page 1 and 2: Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables ...........
Page 5 and 6: Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
Page 7 and 8: Contents v APPENDIX A .............
Page 9: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
Page 15 and 16: 4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
Page 17 and 18: 6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58: 46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60: 48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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54 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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56 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239:
Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247:
Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264:
Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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