Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The clinical consequences of inadequate levels of thyroid hormone in the body. When thyroid deficiency is long-standing or severe, it results in diminished basal metabolism, intolerance of the cold temperatures, fatigue, mental apathy, physical sluggishness, constipation, muscle aches, dry skin and hair, and coarsening of features. IgM: Immunoglobulin M, the most efficient antibody in stimulating complement activity. Incidence: The frequency of new cases of a disease or condition in a specific population or group. In utero: Within the uterus. In utero exposures are those received by a fetus while in the womb. In vitro: Studies carried out in cell or culture systems outside the whole organism. Incidence: The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time. Infant Mortality: The number of deaths of children younger than 1 year of age per 1000 live births per year. International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP): An international not-for-profit organization that studies the effects of radiation to evaluate risk and create safety standards. Inverse Exposure-Rate Effect: The enhancement of an effect as the intensity of the exposure decreases (i.e., low-level chronic exposures would be riskier than high-level more acute exposures) Iodine-131: A radioactive isotope of iodine. Iodine is an element required in small amounts for healthy growth and development. It is mainly concentrated in the thyroid gland where it is needed to synthesize thyroid hormones. 131I is used as a radioactive tracer in nuclear medicine and is found in fallout from nuclear testing. 131I has been demonstrated to cause thyroid cancer in humans. Iodine- 131 has a relatively short physical half-life (8 days). Ionizing radiation: Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits, causing the atom to become charged or ionized. Examples are gamma rays and neutrons. Irradiation: Exposure to radiation. Lag: The period of time between the application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. Note: “lag” is used in epidemiological studies to describe the statistical factoring of a “latency period” in a risk analysis. Latency Period: The time from the stimulus (radiation exposure) to the response of the tissue stimulated (cancer). Leukemia: A class of hematological (associated with blood and blood forming tissues) malignancies in which immortal clones of immature blood cells multiply at the expense of normal blood cells. As normal blood cells are depleted from the body, anemia, infection, hemorrhage or death result. Types include chronic or acute, myeloid or lymphocytic, and these are often abbreviated (CML, CLL, AML, ALL).
204 Glossary Linear Energy Transfer (LET): The amount of energy deposited per unit of distance that the radiation travels in tissue. Least-Squares’ Model: Finds the line minimizing the sum of distances between observed points and the fitted line. Lens dose equivalent (LDE): applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 centimeter (300 mg/cm2). Life Span Study (LSS): Research conducted by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation to study whether the life span and causes of death among atomic-bomb survivors differ from those of unexposed individuals. This research program includes both incidence and mortality studies based on vital-statistics surveys, death-certificate information, and other sources. Linear Model: A straight line with the formula: y = a + bx Linear Quadratic Model: Expresses the effect (e.g., mutation or cancer) as partly proportional to the dose (linear term) and partly proportional to the square of the dose (quadratic term). The linear term predominates at lower doses, the quadratic term at higher doses. Low-Dose Radiation: Low rates of radiation doses that are either less than 10 mSv received at high rates in single events, or dose rates less than 20 mSv per year received continuously. Lymphocyte: A white blood cell responsible for much of the body’s immune protection. Lymphoma: A malignant neoplasm originating from lymphocytes. Malformation: Deformity; abnormal shape or structure. Malignancy: A neoplasm or tumor that is cancerous as opposed to benign. Maximum Likelihood Model: Assigns a weight to each individual factor A, B, C instead of each combination of environments can be predicted accurately by assigning weights to each individual factor, then these factors can be said to operate independently, and the reduction of individual rules to a rule schema is justified. Mediastinal: Relating to the mediastinum. Mediastinum: A septum or cavity between two principal potions of an organ. Medullary Carcinoma: Carcinoma in which there is a predominance of cells and little fibrous tissue. Melatonin: A peptide hormone produced by the pineal gland that influences sleep-wake cycles and other circadian rhythms. It has a sedative effect and has been used to treat sleep disorders and jet lag, even though its impact on these conditions remains unclear. Meningioma: A slow-growing tumor that originates in the meninges.
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201: Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261: studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 262 and 263: (RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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