Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Radiation Workers 71 Figure 6-1. The United States nuclear weapons complex comprised dozens of industrial facilities and laboratories across the country. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management 1996
72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.5 Sv) per year for the shallow dose equivalent (SDE), which is the external dose to the skin or to any extremity. • For workers under 18, the annual occupational dose limits are 10 percent of the dose limits for adult workers. • For protection of the embryo/fetus of a declared pregnant woman, the dose limit is 0.5 rem (5 mSv) during the entire pregnancy 2 . In order to remain in compliance with occupational exposure regulations the owners of nuclear facilities must monitor the exposure of their employees. The first external monitoring devices were pocket ionization chambers and pocket dosimeters; these were basically pen-sized tubes containing a wire with an electrical charge that decreased upon exposure to radiation (Figure 6-2a). These devices were later replaced by film dosimeters, which were less expensive, more reliable, and could be attached to a worker’s security badge. The film on the badges reacted to radiation by darkening and could later be analyzed to estimate exposure (Figure 6-2b). Some facilities switched to thermoluminescent dosimeters in the early 1970s. These dosimeters contain light-emitting crystal phosphors that can be read by a computer after they have been exposed to radioactive energy. In 1994 researchers found that Figure 6-2(a). The first external monitoring devices were pocket ionization chambers and pocket dosimeters (basically tubes the size of pens containing a wire with an electrical charge that decreased upon exposure to radiation) (http://www.ieer.org/sdafiles/vol_8/8-4/devices. html). 2 www.state.ma.us/dph/rcp/faq13.htm 3 tis.eh.doe.gov/ohre/new/findingaids/epidemiologic/ rockyplant/employ/intro.html many film badges worn from 1953 to 1967 had been consistently misinterpreted, causing exposures to be underestimated 3 . In the early stages of monitoring workers for radiation exposure nasal swipes were used for internal alpha radiation monitoring; this method was later found to be unreliable. Urine and blood sampling was added, and when used in conjunction with the nose swipes, provided better estimates of internal exposure 3 . Assessing risks. There are many factors to consider when determining the health risk involved with occupational exposure. Researchers can compare disease incidence among workers with national or local populations, for example using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), but this task is complicated by the fact that workers usually exhibit lower disease rates and lower death rates than the general population. This is a predictable situation because the ill, weak and disabled are usually excluded from employment; among epidemiologists this pattern is referred to as the healthy worker effect. This can be dealt with by comparing disease rates in exposed workers to disease rates in similar groups of workers who are not exposed to radiation. In section 5, for example, we saw how military personnel who were exposed to fallout from nuclear weapons testing were compared to military personnel who were not present at the tests. This is often not done, however. Figure 6-2(b). Pocket dosimeters were replaced by film badges. A worker here is pictured checking film badges in 1974 (imglib.lbl.gov/...index/97702936html.
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58: 46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60: 48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
Page 61 and 62: 50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
Page 63 and 64: 52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 69 and 70: 5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 71 and 72: 60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
Page 73 and 74: 62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76: 64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78: 66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80: 68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81: 6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 85 and 86: 74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88: 76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90: 78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 93 and 94: 82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
Page 95 and 96: 84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
Page 99 and 100: 88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
Page 101 and 102: 90 Radiation Workers No
Page 103 and 104: 92 Radiation Workers N
Page 105 and 106: 94 Radiation Workers S
Page 107 and 108: 96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
Page 109 and 110: 98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
Page 111 and 112: 100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
Page 113 and 114: 102 Mayak Workers
Page 115 and 116: 104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
Page 117 and 118: 106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
Page 119: 108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
Page 122 and 123: Uranium Miners 111
Page 124 and 125: 9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
Page 126 and 127: DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
Page 128 and 129: 10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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