Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology and Radiation Absolute Risk: The excess risk attributed to exposure to hazard and usually expressed as the numeric difference between exposed and non-exposed populations (e.g., 1 case of cancer per million people irradiated annually per Gy). Absolute risk may be given on an annual basis or lifetime basis. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): A hematological (associated with blood and blood forming tissues) malignancy marked by the unchecked multiplication of immature lymphoid cells (a white blood cell responsible for much of the body’s immune protection) in the bone marrow, blood, and body tissues. See also leukemia. Acute Myeloid (Myelogenous) Leukemia (AML): A group of hematological (associated with blood and blood forming tissues) malignancies in which neoplastic cells develop through replacement of normal bone marrow and circulation of immature cells in the peripheral blood. Immature cells include ones that are of myleloid (marrow-like), monocytic (white blood cell used for defense), erythrocytic (pertaining to red blood cells), or megakaryocytic (bone marrow cell from which platelets are derived) origins. Additive Effect: The effect of a combination of two or more substances that is equal to the sum of the individual effects. Adult T-cell Lukemia-Lmphoma (ATL): A lymphoproliferative disease of malignant T-cells. It is associated with infection by human T-cell leukemia virus, a retrovirus. Alpha Particle: A positively charged particle ejected spontaneously from the nuclei of some radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium nucleus that has a mass number of 4 and an electrostatic charge of +2. It has low penetrating power and a short range (a few centimeters in air). The most energetic alpha particle will generally fail to penetrate the dead layers of cells covering the skin and can be easily stopped by a sheet of paper. Alpha particles are hazardous when an alpha-emitting isotope is inside the body. Alpha Radiation: Radiation consisting of helium nuclei that are discharged by radioactive disintegration of some heavy elements, including uranium-238, radium-226, and plutonium-239. Alpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet, is written as α. Analytical Studies: There are two standard types of epidemiological study design (with sub-types within each): analytical and descriptive. Analytical studies are usually considered the strongest and most reliable. In analytical studies, populations who have had exposures to a hazard or increased incidence of a disease are compared with unexposed or healthy populations. 197
198 Glossary Anaplastic Cancers: A malignancy that has lost cellular differentiation and function (characteristic of most malignancies). Ankylosing Spondylitis: A chronic progressive inflammatory disorder that, unlike other rheumatological diseases, affects men more often than women. It involves primarily the joints between articular processes, costovertebral joints, and sacroiliac joints, and occasionally, the iris or the heart valves. Bilateral sclerosis of sacroiliac joints is a diagnostic sign. Affected persons have a high incidence of a specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA-B27), which may predispose them to the disease. Changes occurring in joints are similar to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Ankylosis may occur, giving rise to a stiff back (poker spine). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy are the primary forms of treatment. Antibody: An immunoglobulin produced by B lymphocytes in response to a unique antigen. Each antibody molecule combines with a specific antigen to destroy or control it. All antibodies, except natural antibodies (e.g., antibodies to different blood types), are created by B cells linking with a foreign antigen, typically a foreign protein, polysaccharide, or nucleic acid. Antibodies neutralize or destroy antigens in several ways. They can initiate lysis of the antigen by activating the complement system, neutralizing toxins released by bacteria, coating (opsonizing) the antigen or forming a complex to stimulate phagocytosis, promoting antigen clumping (agglutination), or preventing the antigen from adhering to host cells. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC): In 1946, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission was established in accordance with a US presidential directive from Harry S. Truman to the US National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council to undertake long-term investigations of the late medical and biological effects of radiation among the atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Initial funding was from the US Atomic Energy Commission and was later supplemented by the US Public Health Service, the National Cancer Institute, and the National Institute of Heart and Lung Diseases. Formal Japanese participation commenced in 1948 under the auspices of the Japanese National Institute of Health of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. ABCC was the predecessor of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, which was established in April 1975. Autoimmune Disease: A disease produced when the body’s normal tolerance of the antigens on its own cells (i.e., self-antigens or autoantigens [AAg]) is disrupted. Autoimmunity: The body’s tolerance of the antigens present on its own cells. Antigens are proteins or oligosaccaride markers on the surface of cells that identify the cell as self or non-self. This recognition is necessary in order for the cell to neutralize or destroy itself in the presence of foreign antigens. Intolerance, lack of autoimmunity, may result in self-destruction of tissues and inflammation. Becquerel (Bq): Becquerel is a unit used to measure radioactivity. One Becquerel is that quantity of a radioactive material that will have 1 transformation in one second. Often radioactivity is expressed in larger units like: thousands (kBq), millions (MBq) or even billions (GBq) of becquerels. There are 3.7 x 10 10 Bq in one curie. Benign: Neoplasms or tumors that are not recurrent or progressive, nonmalignant. Beta particle: A beta is a high-speed particle, identical to an electron, that is emitted from the nucleus of an atom.
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
Page 158 and 159: levels (this could not in itself be
Page 160 and 161: Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
Page 162 and 163: of leukemia was measured over a lar
Page 164 and 165: (RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
Page 166 and 167: more that we can say about this app
Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201: Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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