Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movement of bacteria or body cells (esp. cancer cells) from one part of the body to another. 2. Change in location of a disease or of its manifestations or transfer from one organ or part to another not directly connected. MeV: megaelectron volt = 1.60217646 × 10 -13 Joules Mortality: The number of deaths in a population. Multiple-myeloma: A malignant disease characterized by the infiltration of bone and bone marrow by neoplastic plasma cells. Multiplicative Effect: The combined effect of factors that is equal to the independent effect of the factors being multiplied together Myelocytic Leukemia: a group of malignant disorders characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow with abnormal, primitive hematopoietic cells Myelogenous: Producing or originating in marrow. Myeloid: 1. Medullary; marrow-like. 2. Resembling a myelocyte, but not necessarily originating from bone marrow. National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP): a private corporation that formulates and widely disseminates information, guidance and recommendations on radiation protection and measurements which represent the consensus of leading scientific thinking. Neoplasia: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. A synonym of neoplasm. Neoplasm: A new and abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth. It serves no useful function, but grows at the expense of the healthy organism. Neural tube defects: A group of defects present at birth that result from a failure of the embryonic neural tube to close during development. The neural tube is the tube formed from fusion of the neural folds from which the brain and spiral cord arise. Neuroblastoma: malignant hemorrhagic tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts that give rise to cells of the sympathetic system, especially adrenal medulla. This tumor occurs chiefly in infants and children. The primary sites are in the mediastinal and retroperitoneal regions. Neutrophil: A granular white blood cell (WBC), the most common type (55% to 70%) of WBC. Nodule: 1. A small node. 2. A small cluster of cells. Non-Haemopoeietic Neoplasms: abnormal cell growth not pertinent to the production and development of blood cells. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A group of malignant tumors of B or T lymphocytes that are newly diagnosed in about 45,000 Americans annually.
206 Glossary Non-solid cancer: Cancer usually not resulting in the formation of solid tumors; Non-solid cancers related to radiation exposure often include leukemia illnesses such as acute lymphoctic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia and lymphoma. Non-Threshold Model: According to such a model theoretically all radiation exposures have the potential to cause cancer Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC): United States Agency that formulates policies and develops regulations governing nuclear reactor and nuclear material safety, issues orders to licensees, and adjudicates legal matters. Odds ratio: The ratio of two odds. It is used frequently in case control studies where it is the ratio of the odds in favor of getting disease, if exposed, to the odds in favor of getting disease if not exposed. Ordinal Variable: A type of categorical variable: an ordinal variable is one that has a natural ordering of its possible values, but the distances between the values are undefined. Ordinal variables usually have categorical scales. For example, when asking people to choose between Excellent, Good, Fair and Poor to rate something, the answer is only a category but there is a natural ordering in those categories. Papillary Tumor: Neoplasm composed of or resembling enlarged papillae. Parotid Gland: The largest of the salivary glands, located below and in front of the ear. It is a compound tubuloacinous serous gland. Its secreting tubules and acini are long and branched, and it is enclosed in a sheath, the parotid fascia. Saliva lubricates food and makes it easier to taste, chew, and swallow. Perinatal: Conerning the period beginning after the 28th week of pregnancy and ending 28 days after birth. Phagocyte: White blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages) with the ability to ingest and destroy microorganisms, cell debris, and other particles in the blood or tissues. Platelet: A round or oval disk found in the blood as fragments of large cells found in the bone marrow. They play an important role in blood coagulation, hemostasis, and blood thrombus formation. Polycythemia Vera: A chronic, life-shortening myeloproliferative disorder resulting from the reproduction of a single cell clone; characterized by an increase in red blood cell mass and hemoglobin concentration that occurs independently of erythropoietin stimulation. Prenatal: Before birth. Proximal Communities: Communities that live next to nuclear facilities. Rad (Radiation absorbed dose): The rad is a unit used to measure a quantity called absorbed dose. This relates to the amount of energy actually absorbed in some material, and is used for any type of radiation and any material. The unit rad can be used for any type of radiation, but it does not describe the biological effects of the different radiations. One gray is equivalent to 100 rads. Radiation: Radiation is energy in transit in the form of high-speed particles and electromagnetic waves. We encounter electromagnetic waves every day. They make up our visible light, radio and television
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201: Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261: studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 262 and 263: (RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264: Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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