Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disease occurring in the thyroid, a hormonal secretion gland in the neck, anterior to and partially surrounding the thyroid cartilage and upper rings of the trachea. Hypothyroidism is an example of a thyroid disease, resulting in inadequate levels of thyroid hormones in the body. Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis: A condition resulting from exposure of body tissues to excessive levels of thyroid hormones. This may be caused by an overactive or damaged thyroid gland or by the administration of excessive doses of thyroid hormone Total Effective Dose Equivalent: The sum of the effective dose equivalent from external exposure and the 50-year committed effective dose equivalent from internal exposure. Translocation: The alteration of a chromosome by transfer of a portion of it either to another chromosome or to another portion of the same chromosome. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR): a committee established by the United Nations to study the effects of radiation to evaluate risk and create safety standards. Uranium: A naturally occurring material used for nuclear technology. There are a variety of uranium isotopes that include uranium-235 (which decomposes over millions of years) and uranium-238 (which decomposes over billions of years). Working Level (WL): Any combination of short-lived radon daughters in 1 liter of air that will result in the ultimate emission of 1.30×10 5 MeV of potential alpha particle energy. For 220 Rn Daughters: The nuclides 216 Po, 212 Pb, 212 Bi, and 212 Po. For 222 Rn Daughters: The nuclides 218 Po, 214 Pb, 214 Bi, and 214 Po. Working Level Month (WLM): An exposure to 1 working level for 170 hours. This duration is derived from taking 2,000 working hours per year, dividing by 12 months per year, and rounding to 170 hours. X-rays: Penetrating electromagnetic radiation (photon) having a wavelength that is much shorter than that of visible light. These rays are usually produced by excitation of the electron field around certain nuclei. Sources of Definitions: Low Dose Radiation Research Program, DOE. Glossary of Terms. Online at http://lowdose.org/pubs/ glossary.html. The Why Files, University of Wisconsin. Radiation Reassessed, Glossary. Online at http://whyfiles. org/020radiation/glossary.html. Idaho State University Physics Department. Radiation Related Definitions. Online at http://www. physics.isu.edu/radinf/terms.htm#top.
210 Glossary Venes, D. (ed). Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, edition 19. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia, 2001. Scott, B. Bobby’s Radiation Glossary for Students. Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute Online at http://www.lrri.org/radiation/radgloss.htm http://www.nap.edu/books/0309072832/html/237.html http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic.ref/glossary/ http://www.wirc.org/glossary/index.shtml http://www.cdc.gov/nohss/GLMain.htm http://dels.nas.edu/potassium_iodide/glossary.html http://www.epa.gov/narel/erams/glossary.html http://www.rerf.or.jp/eigo/glossary/ http://www.ieer.org/sdafiles/vol_8/8-4/glossary.html http://www7.nationalacademies.org/brer/RERF_Home.html
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 170 and 171: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201: Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261: studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 262 and 263: (RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264: Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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