Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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iv Contents 9. RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT .........................................................................113 9.1 Epidemiological studies ............................................................................................ 113 9.2 Cell studies ............................................................................................................... 113 9.3 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 113 10. PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES .................................................................................117 10.1 The Seascale leukemia cluster and the Gardner hypothesis ..................................... 117 10.2 Further studies of the Gardner hypothesis in the UK ............................................... 118 10.3 Preconception exposure in other settings ................................................................. 119 10.4 Solid cancers in association with preconception expsoures ..................................... 120 10.5 Adverse birth outcomes in association with preconception exposures .................... 121 10.6 Cell studies ............................................................................................................... 121 10.7 Animal evidence ....................................................................................................... 122 10.8 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 122 11. NUCLEAR POWER ACCIDENTS ................................................................................ 130 11.1 Three Mile Island ..................................................................................................... 130 11.2 Chernobyl ................................................................................................................. 131 11.2.1 Dose reconstruction for Chernobyl downwinders .................................................. 131 11.2.2 Chernobyl emergency workers ................................................................................ 132 11.2.3 Childhood thyroid cancer ................................................................................... 133 11.2.4 Childhood leukemia ........................................................................................... 135 11.2.5 Non-cancer effects in children ........................................................................... 136 11.2.6 Chernobyl discussion ......................................................................................... 137 12. COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILITIES ..................................................... 145 12.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 145 Types of studies .................................................................................................. 146 12.2 US studies ................................................................................................................. 146 Hanford .............................................................................................................. 146 Other US facilities .............................................................................................. 147 Multi-site studies in the US ................................................................................ 148 12.3 UK studies ................................................................................................................ 148 Sellafield ............................................................................................................ 149 Dounreay ............................................................................................................ 149 Other UK facilities and multi-site studies .......................................................... 150 12.4 Nuclear facilities outside the US and UK ................................................................. 151 12.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 153 13. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 167 The idea of a threshold dose .............................................................................. 167 Positive resluts at low doses .............................................................................. 167 Uncertainty and judgement ................................................................................ 171 Synthesis of information .................................................................................... 171 What if there is a threshold dose? ...................................................................... 173 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 174
Contents v APPENDIX A .......................................................................................................................... 175 Leukemia ............................................................................................................................ 175 A.1 About the Disease ..................................................................................................... 175 A.2 Atomic Bomb Survivors ........................................................................................... 176 A.3 Medical Exposures ................................................................................................... 176 Adult medical exposures .................................................................................... 176 Childhood medical exposures ............................................................................ 177 Medical exposure in utero .................................................................................. 177 Radiology occupation ........................................................................................ 177 A.4 Worders ..................................................................................................................... 177 A.5 Fallout ....................................................................................................................... 178 Nuclear Weapons Testing ................................................................................... 178 Chernobyl ........................................................................................................... 178 A.6 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 178 APPENDIX B .......................................................................................................................... 181 Thyroid disease ......................................................................................................................... 181 B.1 Introduction to the Thyroid ....................................................................................... 181 B.2 External Radiation and Thyroid Cancer ................................................................... 182 B.3 Internal Radiation and Thyroid Cancer .................................................................... 183 Fallout ................................................................................................................ 183 Chernobyl ........................................................................................................... 183 Medical exposure ............................................................................................... 184 B.4 Non-cancer Thyroid Disease .................................................................................... 184 B.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 185 APPENDIX C .......................................................................................................................... 187 Analysis of preconception exposure studies ............................................................................. 187 APPENDIX D .......................................................................................................................... 194 Recent information .................................................................................................................... 194 Fifteen-country worker study .................................................................................................... 194 Techa River cohort .................................................................................................................... 194 BEIR VII ............................................................................................................................ 195 Acronyms & Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 196 Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology and Radiation ................................................................ 197 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 211 Index ............................................................................................................................ 243
Page 1 and 2: Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables ...........
Page 5: Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
Page 11 and 12: We are indeed grateful to those who
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
Page 15 and 16: 4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
Page 17 and 18: 6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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Page 67 and 68:
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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