Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Figure 5-2. Military observers shield their faces from the Teapot Test in 1955 (http://www.aracnet.com/~pdxavets/). of blood and lymph cancers including leukemia. Darby et al. (1988, 1993) and Muirhead et al. (2003) conducted a cohort follow-up of 20,000 British test veterans through 1998 and found that the leukemia mortality rate, while not much greater than the national rate, was significantly higher than in a control population (servicemen not participating in the tests). For the follow up through 25 years the relative risk (RR) was 3.38 (90% CI 1.45-8.25). 2 New Zealand servicemen also participated in the same tests as the British servicemen and were also found to have increased leukemia mortality (RR 5.6; 90% CI 1.0-41.7; Pearce et al. 1990, 1997). 3 Several studies of U.S. servicemen have also found evidence of increased leukemia. Caldwell et al. (1983) followed 3,217 participants in the 1957 test “Smoky” through 1979 and found an increase Nuclear Weapons Testing 59 in both leukemia incidence (RR 2.50; 1.20-4.60) and leukemia mortality (RR 2.58; 1.11-5.09). The same authors, looking at the same cohort, also found four cases of polycythemia vera, another type of blood neoplasm, when 0.2 cases would be expected in this population based on national rates (Caldwell et al. 1984). This translates into a relative risk of 20.2 (5.5-51.7). Dalager et al. (2000) found statistically significant increases in mortality from lymphopoietic cancers (RR 3.72; 1.28-10.83) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.22; 1.04-1.44) when comparing U.S. test veterans with high doses (> 50 mSv) to veterans with “minimal” doses. The leukemia association is less clear in some other studies of U.S. veterans. Johnson et al. (1997) studied the mortality of approximately 40,000 participants in Operation Crossroads, a 1946 test series at the Bikini atoll. Leukemia mortality was not significantly elevated (RR 1.02; 0.75-1.39) although all-cause mortality was (RR 1.05; 1.02-1.07). 4 Watanabe et al. (1995) also found a nonsignificant increase in leukemia mortality among the 1,094 personnel exposed to more than 1 cGy of gamma radiation during the 1958 test series “Hardtack I” (RR 1.73; 0.39-7.56). This study looked at a total of 8,554 veterans and also found significant increases in total cancer mortality (RR 1.42; 1.03-1.96) and liver cancer mortality (RR 6.42; 1.17-3.53). 5.2 Semipalatinsk Test Site downwinders There were 118 atmospheric tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site between 1949 and 1963, and over 300 underground tests through 1989, some of them releasing radioactive material when they broke the surface (vented). 95% of the collective dose received by nearby residents is thought to have come from four tests in 1949, 1951, 1953 and 1956. In 1994 Zaridze et al. published a paper that examined the relationship between childhood cancer incidence and distance from the test site. They began 2 For the extended follow-up (through 1998) the RR for non-CLL leukemia mortality was significant but lower (1.83, 90% CI 1.15, 2.93). Leukemia incidence risks were similar to those of mortality (Muirhead et al. 2003). 3 In this cohort the RR of leukemia incidence was the same as the RR of leukemia mortality. There was also a significant excess of all hematologic cancers, with a RR of 1.9 (0.8-4.3) for incidence and 3.8 (1.4-10.8) for mortality (Pearce et al. 1997). 4 The subgroup of Operation Crossroads participants having an Engineering and Hull specialty showed a leukemia risk that was close to statistical significance (RR 1.51; 0.94-2.44) (Johnson et al. 1997).
60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by distinguishing three sites where 1) above ground tests were conducted, 2) underground tests were conducted, and 3) a reservoir was created with four nuclear explosions in 1965 (Atom Lake). The three sites are relatively close to each other and located in the center of Kazakhstan, so distance-dependent risk calculations produce similar results for the three sites. The authors found that all cancers and leukemia were significantly correlated with distance; when comparing regions within 200 km of the test sites to those more than 400 km away relative risks of 1.7- 2.0 were derived, suggesting that rates of cancer, and leukemia in particular, were roughly doubled in children closest to the test sites 5 . A leukemia study with dose information was conducted by Abylkassimova et al. (2000). They found a doubling of risk for people exposed to >2 Sv as compared to those exposed to
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
Page 55 and 56: 44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58: 46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60: 48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
Page 61 and 62: 50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
Page 63 and 64: 52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 69: 5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 73 and 74: 62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76: 64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78: 66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80: 68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81 and 82: 6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 83 and 84: 72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
Page 85 and 86: 74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88: 76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90: 78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 93 and 94: 82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
Page 95 and 96: 84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
Page 99 and 100: 88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
Page 101 and 102: 90 Radiation Workers No
Page 103 and 104: 92 Radiation Workers N
Page 105 and 106: 94 Radiation Workers S
Page 107 and 108: 96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
Page 109 and 110: 98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
Page 111 and 112: 100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
Page 113 and 114: 102 Mayak Workers
Page 115 and 116: 104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
Page 117 and 118: 106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
Page 119: 108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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