Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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Paternal age, education, drinking Occupational exposure to external radiation (badge worn); occupational exposure to radioactive materials; total x-rays with 1 year and 1 month of conception; x-rays by anatomical region Leukemia before age 18 months (infant leukemia), 1/1/83- 12/31/88 Children’s Cancer Group 6 , U.S. and Canada Shu et al. 1994 Unclear Radiation worker; dose categories (total and within 6 months of conception) LNHL before age 15, 1952-86 (Britain) or 1952-90 (Scotland) U.K., excluding the population studied by Gardner et al. (1990) 7 Draper et al. 1997 Sex, age, year of birth, residence near a nuclear facility, urbanization Occupational exposure within 1 year of conception; monitored exposure within 1 year; abdominal/any x-rays within 2 years of conception Leukemia or NHL before age 15, 10/92- 9/94 German Childhood Cancer Registry Meinert et al. 1999 5 Information on adjustment factors was incomplete. 6 The Children’s Cancer Group is a cooperative clinical trials group (Shu et al. 1994). 7 Draper et al. (1997) obtained cases from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers, the National Registry of Childhood Tumors, and the Scottish study 189 Appendix C of Kinlen et al. (1993).
Appendix C 190 also found a higher odds ratio for x-rays of the abdominal area within 2 years (1.76, 0.88-3.56). The pooled estimate for the risk of paternal radiation occupation, the most general category defined by most studies, is presented in Table C-3. In this case there were options for combining results according to exposure definitions. For the primary result we chose the category of ‘exposure to radioactive materials’ from Shu et al. (1994) and the category of ‘any paternal occupational exposure’ from Meinert et al. (1999). These are the more appropriate categories for comparison with other studies. Using these categories the odds ratio is significantly positive (1.4, 1.1-1.8). Using the more specific categories of exposure from these two studies (with greater uncertainty around the estimated odds ratios) the estimate is higher (1.7, 1.2-2.4). It should be noted that the contributing studies include one study of infant leukemia and one study of LNHL. The pooled estimates for occupational exposure with dose information are more precise since the exposure categories are consistent among studies; on the other hand, only three studies provide suitable results. In this case one study reported results for LNHL (Draper et al. 1997), one study reported results for leukemia (McLaughlin et al. 1993) and Gardner et al. (1990) reported both. Results are combined using both the leukemia and the LNHL results of Gardner et al. (1990). Table C-4 gives the result for total preconception dose of at least 50 mSv. There is an apparent 2-fold increase in the risk of childhood leukemia/NHL with this exposure although the result is not significantly positive. The choice of leukemia or LNHL results from Gardner et al. (1990) does not substantially affect the result. Table C-5 gives the result for a total dose within 6 months of conception of at least 5 mSv. This exposure category is also associated with a roughly 2-fold increase in risk; in this case the choice of leukemia or LNHL from the Gardner study makes the difference in statistical significance. Using the leukemia estimate the pooled odds ratio is 2.5 (1.0-5.9); using the LNHL estimate the odds ratio is 1.9 (0.8-4.5). The only study not included in analysis was the atomic bomb survivors study (Yoshimoto 1990). Since this study is in many ways the standard of evidence for radiation-induced disease it does deserve some discussion. We could not use it in our analysis because no case-control analysis was made by the original authors. A simple analysis of the rate ratio shows that there were 16 leukemias in the children of 31,150 parents exposed to at least 10 mSv of radiation from the bomb and 17 leukemias in 41,066 children of unexposed parents, a rate ratio of 1.2. This is not significantly positive (95% CI 0.6-2.5), but it is also not inconsistent with the other data. As discussed in the accompanying section on preconception irradiation, the atomic bomb survivors may be relatively uninformative on this issue since less than 2% of the F1 cohort was conceived in the six months before the bombings and of these roughly half would have been born to an exposed father. If
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
Page 150 and 151: Nuclear Power Accidents 139
Page 156 and 157: 12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
Page 158 and 159: levels (this could not in itself be
Page 160 and 161: Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
Page 162 and 163: of leukemia was measured over a lar
Page 164 and 165: (RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
Page 166 and 167: more that we can say about this app
Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199: Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 202 and 203: Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205: we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207: Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209: Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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