Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
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Contents<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables ............................................................................................................................... vi<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Figures ............................................................................................................................. vii<br />
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ x<br />
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1<br />
1.1 Goals ............................................................................................................................. 1<br />
<strong>Ionizing</strong> radiation ................................................................................................... 1<br />
Low dose ................................................................................................................ 1<br />
1.2 A brief history <strong>of</strong> radiation ........................................................................................... 1<br />
1.3 Exposure ....................................................................................................................... 2<br />
1.4 Standards ...................................................................................................................... 3<br />
1.5 <strong>Radiation</strong> basics ............................................................................................................ 3<br />
1.6 Epidemiological methods ............................................................................................. 7<br />
Statistical significance ............................................................................................ 7<br />
Study design ........................................................................................................... 8<br />
1.7 Risk terminology .......................................................................................................... 9<br />
Relative risk ........................................................................................................... 9<br />
Excess relative risk (ERR) ..................................................................................... 9<br />
Odds ratio (OR) ...................................................................................................... 9<br />
Excessive absolute risk (EAR) ............................................................................... 9<br />
Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) ........................................................................ 9<br />
Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) ....................................................................... 9<br />
P value .................................................................................................................. 10<br />
Confidence interval .............................................................................................. 10<br />
1.8 Dose-response curves ................................................................................................. 10<br />
1.9 Overview structure ..................................................................................................... 11<br />
2. BACKGROUND RADIATION ......................................................................................... 13<br />
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 13<br />
2.2 Summary <strong>of</strong> studies .................................................................................................... 13<br />
External exposure ................................................................................................. 14<br />
High exposure areas ............................................................................................. 14<br />
Radon ................................................................................................................... 15<br />
2.3 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 17<br />
3. MEDICAL EXPOSURES .................................................................................................. 19<br />
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 19<br />
3.2 Diagnostic exposures .................................................................................................. 21<br />
Diagnostic x-rays ................................................................................................. 21<br />
Diagnostic iodine-131 .......................................................................................... 23<br />
i