Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19-42. See also Diagnostic exposure and breast cancer, 169 childhood, 177 conclusions about risks, 31-32 and leukemia, 169, 176-77 and thyroid cancer, 169, 182, 184 Medullary cancer, 181 Melanoma, 79, 80, 84 Men. See also Gender and acute myeloid leukemia, 114 and cancer of the gastric tract, 114 and prostate cancer, 114 and skin cancer, 114 Meningioma, 51 Mental disorders, 133 Mental health, 137 Mental retardation, 51-52 Meta-analysis, 172-73 and preconception exposure, 187 Metabolic disorders, 133 Microcephaly, 51 Military personnel, 58-59 Miners, 103-12 and chromosome aberrations, 148 and radon, 16, 109, 110-12 uranium, 103-12 Miscarriages, 121, 146 Mormons, 61, 183 Mound Facility, 81 Multiple myeloma and Apollo and Parks facility, 148 and atomic bomb survivors, 49, 50 and Hanford workers, 86 and nuclear weapons test veterans, 169 and nuclear workers, 169 and Oak Ridge workers, 75 and pooled data, 85, 86, 87-88, 88 in UKNRBP workers, 84 Multiplicative effect, 98 Myelodysplasia, 115 Myeloid leukemia, 16, 22, 113 Myeloma and Apollo and Parks facility, 154 and communities near nuclear power plants, 152 and nuclear power workers, 154 and pooled U.S. data, 85 and Sellafield, 82 Index 249 Nagasaki. See Atomic bomb survivors National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 107 National Registry for Radiation Workers, 83-84 National Registry of Childhood Tumors, 119 Navajo, 106, 121, 148 Neoplasms, 29, 62 Neural tube defects, 121, 147 Neuroblastoma, 182 Nevada Test Site, 2, 60-63 and childhood leukemia, 171, 179 fallout, 183 and leukemia, 168, 178, 180 studies, 67-68 and thyroid cancer, 185 NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 107 Non-cancer disease, 48 and atomic bomb survivors, 48, 50-51 and Chernobyl, 136-37, 144 and Mayak workers, 99 and radiotherapy, 24-28, 31 Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, 117 near Dounreay, 150 near nuclear power plants, 152 and preconception exposure, 187 and Three Mile Island, 130-31 Nuclear facilities adverse birth outcome studies, 166 and childhood leukemia, 148 communities near, 145-66 studies of cancer incidence, 156-59 studies of childhood cancer incidence, 160- 65 Nuclear medicine, 19 Nuclear power accidents, 130-44 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 3, 70, 72 Nuclear weapons, 71, 73 Nuclear weapons testing, 58-69, 171 discussion, 63-64 and leukemia, 169, 178 studies, 65 Nuclear workers, 70. See also Occupational exposure and childhood cancer, 121-22 data on adult exposures, 171
250 Index health protection standards, 4 and leukemia, 168-69, 177-78 and stillbirths and miscarriages, 121, 122- 23 Oak Ridge, 75-77 and age at exposure, 76-77 and cancer in nearby communities, 154 and lung cancer, 88 and multiple myeloma, 88 and prostate cancer, 88 Occupational dose limits, 70, 72 Occupational exposure, 31, 70-96, 117. See also Mayak workers; Nuclear workers; Radiologists assessing risks, 72-73 facility-specific studies, 90-94 paternal, 191 pooled studies, 190 studies using combined datasets, 95-96 Osteogenic sarcoma, 80 Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers, 119, 168, 177 P-value, 10 Papillary tumors, 181 Parental exposure, 30-31 and childhood leukemia, 148 Parkinson’s disease, 50 Paternal preconception irradiation (PPI), 117, 119, 120, 123, 173, 187, 190 and childhood leukemia, 148, 193 studies, 191 Peptic ulcers, 26 Pilgrim power plant, 147 Pleural cancer, 82, 83, 84, 88 Plutonium, 2, 73, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 97, 98, 154 Pneumoconiosis, 105 Polonium-210, 81, 84 Polychythemia vera, 59 Pooled studies, 172-73 Canadian data, 84-85 employees of UKAEA, 83 international data, 86 and nuclear workers, 177-78 occupational exposure, 190 and radon, 17 and solid cancer, 88 and thyroid cancer, 27-28, 182 UKNRBP, 83-84 and uranium mining, 107-8 U.S. radiation workers, 85-86 Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment Plant, 80-81 Preconceptional exposure, 117-29 analysis of studies, 187-93 animal studies, 195 and atomic bomb survivors, 51 and Chernobyl, 136-37 and childhood leukemia, 148 dose studies, 192 of fathers, 119 and LNHL, 124-25 maternal, 123 meta-analysis, 173 and solid cancers, 126-27 and stillbirths and congenital malformations, 128-29 studies, 188-89 Prenatal exposure, 14, 117-29 and atomic bomb survivors, 51 and childhood cancer risk, 168 and childhood leukemia, 29, 135-36 and leukemia, 177 Prostate cancer and Chapelcross facility, 83 and employees of UKAEA, 83 and Fernald site workers, 88 and flight personnel, 113, 114, 115 and Oak Ridge workers, 75, 88 and pooled UK data, 88 in UKNRBP workers, 84 Quadratic model, 10-11. See also Linear quadratic model Radiation and association with leukemia, 87 background, 13-18 basics, 3-7 epidemiological methods, 7-9 exposure, 2-3 and flight personnel, 113-16 history, 2 and non-solid cancers, 44 and solid tumors, 44 types of, 5-6 Radiation Effects Research Foundation
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
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88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
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90 Radiation Workers No
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92 Radiation Workers N
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94 Radiation Workers S
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96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
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98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
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100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
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102 Mayak Workers
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104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
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106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
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108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
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Uranium Miners 111
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9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
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DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
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10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
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of risk in the lowest dose groups,
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found elevated solid cancer risk wi
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preconception doses between 2.5 and
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Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
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Preconception Exposures 127
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Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
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cancer were both associated with th
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0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
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elationship was not significant for
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times higher than in less-contamina
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Nuclear Power Accidents 139
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12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
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levels (this could not in itself be
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Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
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of leukemia was measured over a lar
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(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
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more that we can say about this app
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Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
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54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
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13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
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myeloid leukemia) was significantly
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0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
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adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
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Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
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vical cancer. The doses to these pa
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England have found it convenient to
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Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
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1986 through 1995. These workers sh
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dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211: Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213: Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215: Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217: Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219: Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221: Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223: Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225: Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227: Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229: Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233: Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237: of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241: control population. International J
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245: 2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247: Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249: Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251: Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253: Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255: Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257: and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 262 and 263: (RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264: Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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