Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

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times higher than in less-contaminated areas. This paper was widely challenged on the grounds that the control group (British families) was too different from the experimental group, that several potentially confounding factors were not accounted for, and that the A-bomb survivor research was not detecting a genetic effect. Schwenn and Brill described the Dubrova results as “highly suspect”. In 2002, however, Dubrova et al. published new results that confirm the earlier findings. A study of 256 Ukrainian families, using Ukrainian children born before the Chernobyl accident as controls, found a 1.6-fold increase in germline mutations (Dubrova et al. 2002a). The mutations only appeared in the paternal germlines. These researchers also investigated germline mutations around the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan, and again found a similar increase of 1.8-fold over controls (Dubrova et al. 2002b). In this study Dubrova et al. were also able to detect a smaller increase in mutations in the next generation. Effects on the development of children who were exposed in utero, and mental health effects in particular, have also been studied. Although children from contaminated area tend to show some negative impacts on IQ or mental and behavioral function, it becomes very hard to disentangle effects of radiation from effects of family stress associated with evacuation, resettlement, and anxiety concerning the accident (Kolominsky et al. 1999, Igumnov and Drozdovitch 2000). 11.2.6 Chernobyl discussion In summary, researchers have detected increased cancer, increased cardiovascular disease and Nuclear Power Accidents 137 impaired immune systems in emergency and cleanup workers. A dramatic increase in childhood thyroid cancer has been seen among Chernobyl downwinders in addition to evidence of an increase in childhood leukemia, an increase in thyroid autoimmune disease, effects on mental health in children exposed in utero, and an increase in germline mutations in the children of exposed parents. The thyroid cancer excess was larger than expected based on old thyroid cancer risk models (Buglova et al. 1996). Newer models based on childhood medical exposures to external radiation are closer to the observed excess around Chernobyl. Remaining differences between observed and expected cancer rates might be partially attributable differences in dietary iodine (although there is still insufficient data for anything more than speculation on this point) and to differences in follow-up time of exposed children. The dramatic effect of age at exposure is clear in the Chernobyl downwinders as it is in medically exposed children. Of roughly 800 childhood cancer cases in the heavily contaminated areas around Chernobyl, 98% were in children under age 10 and 65% were in children under age 5. Childhood leukemia rates measured by Noshchencko et al. (2002) are compatible with the estimated leukemia effects of nuclear weapons testing in Nevada. The suggestive evidence of infant leukemia following in utero exposure in Europe involves very low doses in the range of background radiation. Germline mutation results for Chernobyl have been replicated around the test site in Semipalatinsk and demonstrate that the children of exposed parents have been affected in some way (Dubrova 2003).
138 Nuclear Power Accidents Elevated ORs for the 1984-1985 period comparing high to low exposure areas: 1.14 (1.00-1.29) for all cancer, 2.01 (1.15-3.49) for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and 1.72 (1.33-2.22) for lung cancer. Lung cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma also related to routine emissions 1 . Average estimated dose 0.1 mSv Cohort study of ~160,000 people within 10 miles of TMI 1979- 1985 Hatch et al. 1990 Significant positive dose-response relationships for all cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia Exposure was treated with units of relative dose Reanalysis of the data presented by Hatch et al. (1990) Wing et al. 1997 Significant positive dose-response relationship for female breast cancer Average estimated dose 0.1 mSv Cohort study of 32,135 people within 5 miles of TMI 1979-1992 Talbott et al. 2000 Significant positive dose-response relationship for female breast cancer and male cancers of the blood and lymph Average estimated dose 0.1 mSv Cohort study of 32,135 people within 5 miles of TMI 1979-1998 Talbott et al. 2003 1 The odds ratios comparing highest to lowest dose quartiles of routine emissions for 1975-1985 were 1.81 (1.16-2.82) for non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma and 1.50 (1.18-1.91) for lung cancer.
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Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
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Contents List of Tables ...........
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Contents iii Rocky Flats ..........
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Contents v APPENDIX A .............
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
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We are indeed grateful to those who
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2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
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4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
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6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
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8 Introduction In epidemiological s
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10 Introduction precision to detect
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12 Introduction available informati
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14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
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16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
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18 Background Radiation
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20 Medical Exposures Fi
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22 Medical Exposures
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24 Medical Exposures with national
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26 Medical Exposures localized expo
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28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
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30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
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32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
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34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
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44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
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46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
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48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
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50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
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52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
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5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
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60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
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62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
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64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
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66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
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6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
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72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
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74 Radiation Workers work, reports
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76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
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78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
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80 Radiation Workers Figure 6-10. A
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82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
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84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
Page 97 and 98: 86 Radiation Workers Figure 6-14. A
Page 99 and 100: 88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
Page 101 and 102: 90 Radiation Workers No
Page 103 and 104: 92 Radiation Workers N
Page 105 and 106: 94 Radiation Workers S
Page 107 and 108: 96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
Page 109 and 110: 98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
Page 111 and 112: 100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
Page 113 and 114: 102 Mayak Workers
Page 115 and 116: 104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
Page 117 and 118: 106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
Page 119: 108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
Page 122 and 123: Uranium Miners 111
Page 124 and 125: 9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
Page 126 and 127: DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
Page 128 and 129: 10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
Page 130 and 131: of risk in the lowest dose groups,
Page 132 and 133: found elevated solid cancer risk wi
Page 134 and 135: preconception doses between 2.5 and
Page 136 and 137: Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
Page 138 and 139: Preconception Exposures 127
Page 140 and 141: Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
Page 142 and 143: cancer were both associated with th
Page 144 and 145: 0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
Page 146 and 147: elationship was not significant for
Page 150 and 151: Nuclear Power Accidents 139
Page 156 and 157: 12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
Page 158 and 159: levels (this could not in itself be
Page 160 and 161: Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
Page 162 and 163: of leukemia was measured over a lar
Page 164 and 165: (RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
Page 166 and 167: more that we can say about this app
Page 168 and 169: Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 176 and 177: 54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179: 13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181: myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183: 0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185: adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187: Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189: vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191: England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193: Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195: 1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197: dence of this disease includes elev
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Analysis of preconception exposure
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Paternal age, education, drinking O
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Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
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we consider this group of a few hun
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Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
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Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
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Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
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Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
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Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
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Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
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Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
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Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
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Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
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Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
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Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
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Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
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Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
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Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
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Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
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of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
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Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
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control population. International J
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Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
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2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
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Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
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Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
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Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
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Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
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Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
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and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
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studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
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(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
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Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
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