Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$Subspaces of Vector Spaces Math 130 Linear Algebra$

ii Contents Thorotrast ............................................................................................................. 24 3.3 Radiotherapy for non-cancer disease .......................................................................... 24 Tuberculosis ......................................................................................................... 25 Ankylosingspondylitis ......................................................................................... 25 Hyperthyroidism .................................................................................................. 26 Radiotherapy for other non-cancer diseases ........................................................ 26 Radiotherapy for non-cancer disease in children ................................................. 26 3.4 Radiotherapy for cancer ............................................................................................. 28 Radiotherapy for childhood cancer ...................................................................... 29 3.5 In utero exposures ....................................................................................................... 29 3.6 Parental exposures ...................................................................................................... 30 3.7 Radiologists’ occupational exposures ......................................................................... 31 3.8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 31 4. ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS ........................................................................................ 43 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 43 RERF research ..................................................................................................... 43 Doses .................................................................................................................... 44 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................ 45 4.2 Cancer mortality ......................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Noncancer mortality ................................................................................................... 48 4.4.1 Solid cancer incidence ................................................................................................ 48 4.4.2 Incidence of leukemia and related cancers ................................................................. 49 4.5 Incidence of noncancer disease .................................................................................. 50 4.6 Preconception and prenatal exposures ........................................................................ 51 4.7 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 52 Age, time and gender ........................................................................................... 52 Dose-response curves ........................................................................................... 52 Applicability to other contexts ............................................................................. 53 5. NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING .................................................................................. 58 5.1 Military personnel ...................................................................................................... 58 5.2 Semipalatinsk Test Site downwinders ........................................................................ 59 5.3 Nevada Test Site downwinders ................................................................................... 60 Leukemia .............................................................................................................. 60 Thyroid disease .................................................................................................... 61 5.4 South Pacific testing ................................................................................................... 63 5.5 Health effects in Scandinavia ..................................................................................... 63 5.6 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 63 6. RADIATION WORKERS ................................................................................................. 70 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 70 Exposure limits .................................................................................................... 70 Assessing risks ..................................................................................................... 72 6.2 US facilities ................................................................................................................ 73 Hanford ................................................................................................................ 73 Oak Ridge ............................................................................................................ 75 Oak Ridge and age at exposure ............................................................................ 76 Rocketdyne .......................................................................................................... 77
Contents iii Rocky Flats .......................................................................................................... 78 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .......................................................... 78 Savannah River Site ............................................................................................. 79 Los Alamos National Laboratory ......................................................................... 80 Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment Plant ............................................................... 80 The Mound Facility .............................................................................................. 81 Mallinckrodt Chemical Works ............................................................................. 81 Linde Air Products Company Ceramics Plant ..................................................... 81 Feed Material Production Center (Fernald site) ................................................... 82 6.3 UK facilities ................................................................................................................ 82 Sellafield .............................................................................................................. 82 Other UK facilities ............................................................................................... 83 6.4 Multi-site studies ........................................................................................................ 83 Pooled UK data .................................................................................................... 83 Pooled Canadian data ........................................................................................... 84 Pooled US data ..................................................................................................... 85 Pooled international data ...................................................................................... 86 6.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 86 Leukemia and multiple myeloma ......................................................................... 87 Solid cancer .......................................................................................................... 88 Female workers .................................................................................................... 89 Age at exposure .................................................................................................... 89 7. MAYAK WORKERS ......................................................................................................... 97 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 97 7.2 Helath effects .............................................................................................................. 97 Lung cancer .......................................................................................................... 97 Bone cancer and liver cancer ............................................................................... 98 Leukemia and related cancers .............................................................................. 99 Non-cancer disease .............................................................................................. 99 7.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 99 8. URANIUM MINERS ....................................................................................................... 103 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 103 8.2 US studies ................................................................................................................. 104 Navajo miners .................................................................................................... 106 Pathological observations .................................................................................. 106 8.3 Studies of miners in other countries ......................................................................... 106 Australia ............................................................................................................. 106 Canada ................................................................................................................ 106 China .................................................................................................................. 107 Czechoslovakia .................................................................................................. 107 France ................................................................................................................. 107 Germany ............................................................................................................. 107 Sweden ............................................................................................................... 107 8.4 Combined estimates of risk ...................................................................................... 107 8.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 108 Comparisons with residential radon studies ...................................................... 108
Page 1 and 2: Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation:
Page 3: Contents List of Tables ...........
Page 7 and 8: Contents v APPENDIX A .............
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Average
Page 11 and 12: We are indeed grateful to those who
Page 13 and 14: 2 Introduction 1.2 A brief history
Page 15 and 16: 4 Introduction Figure 1-2. The evol
Page 17 and 18: 6 Introduction Figure 1-5(a). Alpha
Page 19 and 20: 8 Introduction In epidemiological s
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction precision to detect
Page 23 and 24: 12 Introduction available informati
Page 25 and 26: 14 Background Radiation Figure 2-1.
Page 27 and 28: 16 Background Radiation Figure 2-3.
Page 29 and 30: 18 Background Radiation
Page 31 and 32: 20 Medical Exposures Fi
Page 33 and 34: 22 Medical Exposures
Page 35 and 36: 24 Medical Exposures with national
Page 37 and 38: 26 Medical Exposures localized expo
Page 39 and 40: 28 Medical Exposures (2.1-28.7). Th
Page 41 and 42: 30 Medical Exposures posed 2.69 tim
Page 43 and 44: 32 Medical Exposures with diagnosti
Page 45 and 46: 34 Medical Exposures Table 3-1. Stu
Page 55 and 56:
44 Atomic Bomb Survivors Figure 4-2
Page 57 and 58:
46 Atomic Bomb Survivors
Page 59 and 60:
48 Atomic Bomb Survivors approximat
Page 61 and 62:
50 Atomic Bomb Survivors (ALL), acu
Page 63 and 64:
52 Atomic Bomb Survivors of the 8 t
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
5 Nuclear Weapons Testing Over 500
Page 71 and 72:
60 Nuclear Weapons Testing by disti
Page 73 and 74:
62 Nuclear Weapons Testing Figure 5
Page 75 and 76:
64 Nuclear Weapons Testing near the
Page 77 and 78:
66 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 79 and 80:
68 Nuclear Weapons Testing
Page 81 and 82:
6 RADIATION WORKERS Introduction Th
Page 83 and 84:
72 Radiation Workers • 50 rem (0.
Page 85 and 86:
74 Radiation Workers work, reports
Page 87 and 88:
76 Radiation Workers Figure 6-5. A
Page 89 and 90:
78 Radiation Workers Figure 6-8. To
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
82 Radiation Workers Feed Material
Page 95 and 96:
84 Radiation Workers by Beral et al
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
88 Radiation Workers Table 6-1. Leu
Page 101 and 102:
90 Radiation Workers No
Page 103 and 104:
92 Radiation Workers N
Page 105 and 106:
94 Radiation Workers S
Page 107 and 108:
96 Radiation Workers ERR estim
Page 109 and 110:
98 Mayak Workers Table 1. Dose (Gy)
Page 111 and 112:
100 Mayak Workers workers at the ra
Page 113 and 114:
102 Mayak Workers
Page 115 and 116:
104 Uranium Miners enrichment facil
Page 117 and 118:
106 Uranium Miners Samet et al. (19
Page 119:
108 Uranium Miners were selected 12
Page 122 and 123:
Uranium Miners 111
Page 124 and 125:
9 RADIATION EXPOSURE IN FLIGHT The
Page 126 and 127:
DNA damage (a chemical change in DN
Page 128 and 129:
10 PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES Several
Page 130 and 131:
of risk in the lowest dose groups,
Page 132 and 133:
found elevated solid cancer risk wi
Page 134 and 135:
preconception doses between 2.5 and
Page 136 and 137:
Table 10-1. Preconception irradiati
Page 138 and 139:
Preconception Exposures 127
Page 140 and 141:
Tracheoesophageal fistula and conge
Page 142 and 143:
cancer were both associated with th
Page 144 and 145:
0.10-4.71) while respiratory system
Page 146 and 147:
elationship was not significant for
Page 148 and 149:
times higher than in less-contamina
Page 150 and 151:
Nuclear Power Accidents 139
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
12 COMMUNITIES NEAR NUCLEAR FACILIT
Page 158 and 159:
levels (this could not in itself be
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 12-3. Native Americans from
Page 162 and 163:
of leukemia was measured over a lar
Page 164 and 165:
(RR 1.06; 1.00-1.11) and risks of s
Page 166 and 167:
more that we can say about this app
Page 168 and 169:
Communities Near Nuclear Facilities
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
54 observed vs. 46.1 expected death
Page 178 and 179:
13 DISCUSSION Our intention in crea
Page 180 and 181:
myeloid leukemia) was significantly
Page 182 and 183:
0.1-3.5 WLM; this is roughly equiva
Page 184 and 185:
adon (Lubin et al. 1997). These res
Page 186 and 187:
Leukemia Leukemia, a general term t
Page 188 and 189:
vical cancer. The doses to these pa
Page 190 and 191:
England have found it convenient to
Page 192 and 193:
Thyroid disease Thyroid cancer is a
Page 194 and 195:
1986 through 1995. These workers sh
Page 196 and 197:
dence of this disease includes elev
Page 198 and 199:
Analysis of preconception exposure
Page 200 and 201:
Paternal age, education, drinking O
Page 202 and 203:
Gardner et al. 1990 Employed at Sel
Page 204 and 205:
we consider this group of a few hun
Page 206 and 207:
Leukemia risk (excluding CLL) among
Page 208 and 209:
Glossary of Terms for Epidemiology
Page 210 and 211:
Glossary 199 Beta radiation: Stream
Page 212 and 213:
Dosimetry: Measurement or estimatio
Page 214 and 215:
Glossary 203 Hypothyroidism: The cl
Page 216 and 217:
Glossary 205 Metastasis: 1. Movemen
Page 218 and 219:
Glossary 207 waves, ultra violet (U
Page 220 and 221:
Glossary 209 Thyroid Disease: disea
Page 222 and 223:
Bibliography ATSDR. Public Health A
Page 224 and 225:
Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers i
Page 226 and 227:
Bibliography 215 Cavallo D, Tomao P
Page 228 and 229:
Bibliography 217 Department of Ener
Page 230 and 231:
Bibliography 219 Gardner MJ, Hall A
Page 232 and 233:
Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. C
Page 234 and 235:
Bibliography 223 Howe GR, Nair R, N
Page 236 and 237:
of Mayak, A comparison of numerical
Page 238 and 239:
Bibliography 227 Laird NM. Thyroid
Page 240 and 241:
control population. International J
Page 242 and 243:
Bibliography 231 Neel JV, Schull WJ
Page 244 and 245:
2003.160:381-407. Bibliography 233
Page 246 and 247:
Bibliography 235 Saccomanno G, Auer
Page 248 and 249:
Bibliography 237 analysis of cancer
Page 250 and 251:
Bibliography 239 Tokarskaya ZB, Sco
Page 252 and 253:
Journal of Epidemiology 1987.125(2)
Page 254 and 255:
Actinium, 84 Acute lymphocytic leuk
Page 256 and 257:
and Nevada Test Site, 60-61, 62 nuc
Page 258 and 259:
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 185 Heal
Page 260 and 261:
studies, 101-2 Medical exposure, 19
Page 262 and 263:
(RERF), 43 Radiation Exposure Compe
Page 264:
Viruses, 118, 154, 193 West Germany
show all

Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?