Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation: - Clark University
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38 Medical Exposures<br />
<br />
<br />
Mean total body dose 2.6 Gy Increased risk <strong>of</strong> cancer (RR 1.30, 1.24-<br />
1.35) with a significant dose-response<br />
relationship 7 and time-dependent risks<br />
<strong>of</strong> various sites 8<br />
Cohort study <strong>of</strong> cancer mortality in 15,577 ankylosing<br />
spondylitis patients treated in the UK, 1935-1957<br />
Weiss<br />
et al. 1994<br />
Non-CLL leukemia RR 3.11 (2.37-4.07)<br />
with a strong trend over time 9 ; ERR<br />
during the first 25 years after exposure<br />
12.37/Gy (2.25-52.07) 10<br />
Mean bone marrow dose 4.4<br />
Gy<br />
Cohort study <strong>of</strong> leukemia mortality in 14,767<br />
ankylosing spondylitis patients treated in the UK,<br />
1935-1957<br />
Weiss<br />
et al. 1995<br />
Brain tumor RR 15 (0.8-286); thyroid<br />
cancer RR 4.2 (0.4-47)<br />
Typical doses <strong>of</strong> 0.78 Gy<br />
(lower brain) and 0.09 Gy<br />
(thyroid)<br />
Cohort study <strong>of</strong> cancer incidence in 2,925 people who<br />
had been exposed to nasopharyngeal radium treatment<br />
in childhood (Maryland, 1943-1960)<br />
Yeh<br />
et al. 2001<br />
The ERR for non-leukemia cancer mortality was estimated to be 0.1/Gy (0.04-0.18) in a simple linear model. A more accurate estimate for the low-dose<br />
region, however, may be 0.28/Gy (0.07-0.48), the linear coefficient in a linear-quadratic model. This compares to an ERR <strong>of</strong> 0.47/Gy in the atomic bomb<br />
7<br />
survivors (Preston et al. 2003).<br />
8<br />
In addition to leukemia (see next reference), there were significantly positive risks <strong>of</strong> non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and cancers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
esophagus, colon, pancreas, larynx, lung, bones, connective tissue, prostate, bladder, and kidney. For colon and lung cancers, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and<br />
cancer generally the risk declined over time. For all non-leukemia cancers the RR was 1.38 over the 5-25 years after exposure, declining to 1.16 for the<br />
period more than 25 years after exposure.<br />
9<br />
The RR was 11.01 over the first five years after exposure and declined to 1.87 for the period 25 or more years after exposure<br />
10<br />
The estimated ERR <strong>of</strong> 12.37/Gy is the linear term <strong>of</strong> a compartmental linear-exponential model. The estimated ERR for 25-40 years after exposure was<br />
5.18/Gy (0.81-23.63)