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104 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Through the Balcas project several thousand homes and businesses in Ireland have converted to wood pellet heating, also facilitated by energy grants available from Sustainable Energy Ireland. Experience from Austria suggests that wherever pellets are introduced they result in an increased uptake of wood heating and dominate the small boiler market. Graded waste wood chip Following the building of the two major power projects at Lockerbie and Wilton a market has grown to supply waste wood in chipped form to an accepted quality standard. In both cases wood recycling companies have set up dedicated reception and sorting centres at the power plant. In these centres the wood is sorted to remove contaminated material, shredded and chipped to a size distribution set by the power plant owner. The above examples deal with virgin wood, that has not undergone any treatment. Use of waste wood is more challenging as it will likely have been chemically treated with preservatives, and so can only be used in WID compliant plants. We understand that E.ON have plans the build five power plant each 25MWe fuelled by waste wood. 187 The recycled wood industry is growing rapidly as pressure to remove organic material from waste streams increases at the same time as the demand for renewable fuels. 188 Operators are becoming more experienced and are able to supply a range of fuel specifications depending on the degree of contamination and source. 189 7.1.5 Standards for wood based fuels The rapid growth of biomass energy applications in Europe and the increases projected as a result of the Renewable Energy Directive have created a need for a suite of standards for the characterisation and analysis of wood fuels. These have been developed on an accelerated timetable by CEN Technical Committee 355. The remit for this group to develop standards for all forms of solid biofuels in Europe, including wood chips, wood pellets, briquettes, logs, sawdust and straw bales. These standards allow all relevant properties of the fuel to be described, and include both normative information that must be provided about the fuel, and informative information that can be included but is not required. As well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the fuel as it is, CEN 335 also provides information on the source of the material. The Work Programme for TC 335 contains 30 Work Items, which are allocated to 5 Working Groups (WGs): • WG 1 Terminology, descriptions and definitions • WG 2 Fuel specifications, classes and quality assurance • WG 3 sampling and sample preparation • WG 4 Physical and mechanical test methods • WG 5 Chemical test methods All Technical Specifications for CEN 335 have now been published. CEN 335 includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources: • Products from agriculture and forestry; • Vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; • Vegetable waste from the food processing industry; 187 http://pressreleases.eon-uk.com/blogs/eonukpressreleases/archive/2008/07/15/1257.aspx 188 Wood Recyclers Association, www.woodrecyclers.org 189 http://www.woodrecyclers.org/
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 • Wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste; • Continued-fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered; • Cork waste. Draft standards for CEN 355 are available for download from the Biomass Information Centre website. 190 Germany is somewhat ahead of the UK in its use of waste wood for energy and has developed a grading system based on composition and origin. 191 This has gained some acceptance in the UK because of its practical nature. It is given below. Box 3: German Waste Wood Grading System Waste wood category A I: Waste wood in its natural state or only mechanically worked with, during use, was at most insignificantly contaminated with substances harmful to wood. Waste wood category AII: Bonded, painted, coated, lacquered or otherwise treated waste wood with no halogenated organic compounds in the coating and no wood preservative. Waste wood category A III: Waste wood with halogenated organic compounds in the coating, with no wood preservatives. Waste wood category A IV: Waste wood treated with wood preservatives, such as railway sleepers, telephone masts, hop poles, vine poles as well as other waste wood which, due to its contamination, cannot be assigned to waste wood categories A I, A II or A III, with the exception of waste wood containing PCBs. Category A I includes sawmill co-products which also currently have a market in the UK as fuel for cofiring at coal power plants, fuel for other stand-alone biomass plants and raw material for a variety of competing markets, including animal bedding, horticultural use and, most significantly, the panel board mills. Sawmill co-product that has only been mechanically treated is treated as clean wood for the purposes of combustion under the Waste Incineration Directive (WID). It is transported long distances across the UK and is priced competitively compared to virgin biomass fuels. Category A II includes residues from the production of furniture, kitchens etc. This product is usually disposed of to landfill or mass burn incineration at present. It is difficult to separate out the clean waste wood from the contaminated and E.ON, for example, would have to take it unsorted. This product should not come within the WID. However, it is impossible to protect it from contamination with fractions of waste that do come under WID and therefore the position is not clear cut. It is likely that the Environment Agency would regard the potential contamination issue as important and class any combustion process under WID. Category A III is treated as waste for the purposes of combustion under WID and any plant burning these wastes would need to comply with WID as part of the conditions of its licence. 190 http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk 191 Ordinance on the Management of Waste Wood dated 15 August 2002 105
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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