to read the full report - Ecolateral by Peter Jones

More documents

Recommendations

Info

68 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 • Construction and Demolition waste (C&D) is largely comprised of mineral waste, with small amounts of wood, plastics and metals. Most investigation of this waste stream has been concerned with recycling the mineral proportion into aggregate. Of the three controlled waste streams is produces the greatest amount, estimated at 118.6 million tonnes of waste in 2005. • Biosolids are produced from waste water treatment sites, as the main by-product. Data quality is generally good and in 2004-5 1.72 Mt of dry bio-solids were produced. Estimations are that this will increase to 2.5 Mt by 2030 due to an increasing number of households and tighter waste water and pollutions controls through legislation. • Agricultural residues include the wet residues of manures and slurries, and the dry residues of straw and poultry litter. Levels of available straw (after traditional uses) for 2006 were estimated to be 2.9 million tonnes for the UK, while poultry litter with an energy content of 37 million GJ was produced. Manures and slurries from cattle were estimated to produce a total, collectable, 9.9 million kg/day of volatile solids, pigs 669 thousand kg/day of volatile solids and fowls 1.8 million kg/day of volatile solids. Accurate current and future arisings are difficult to predict as the sector is so dependent on weather, farming practices and markets. Apart from poultry litter, where approximately 50% is already committed to energy from waste plants, the residues are recycled to land. • Forestry residues arise from forests and woodlands, primary processing co-products and arboricultural work. Total available forestry residues in the UK are estimated to be 1,987 odt per annum, although it is unlikely this full amount could be realised for energy, and the data quality is generally uncertain. Some future estimations show an increase of material available, but no significant changes are expected.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 5 Arisings of components suitable for energy Chapter 4 presented an overview of the waste arisings by origin across the UK. In this chapter we discuss those components that are commonly cited as suitable for energy and fuel solutions. Each of the waste types discussed here is a subsection of, and a combination of, those already detailed above. The arisings presented here therefore do not represent additional arisings, but rather double counting. Many of these streams are to some degree already collected separately and used directly for energy or being traded as fuel. This is a tendency that will increase as demand for renewable fuels increases as a result of the Renewables Obligation and Renewable Heat Incentive. Immediately identifiable arisings that could provide a biomass resource include: 1. Wood residues: forestry (e.g. thinnings), virgin and treated wood processing waste, used wood. 2. Agricultural residues: dry residues such as straw, husks and poultry litter, and wet residues such as manures and slurries. 3. Municipal solid wastes including refuse derived fuels, kitchen wastes and garden wastes. 4. Industrial and commercial wastes which include food and drink processing residues, tallow, meat and bone meal, pulp and paper sludges and liquors, textile residues, recovered vegetable oils. Those waste materials that have adequate data available, have been discussed. The pulling together of information from different waste streams allows a comprehensive picture of the total resource to be given. 5.1 Waste Wood Background In this section the arisings of treated and post-consumer waste wood are evaluated. Clean waste wood from untreated wood processing is included in the section on forest residues and not included here. Each year in the UK it is estimated that over 7.5 million tonnes of wood waste is produced, approximately 1.8% of total UK waste arisings. Of this over 80% is landfilled, 16% recycled and reused, and energy recovered from 4%. 108 Taking into account recent economic developments and the slowing of the economy, it is likely that this amount will fall in the short term. Indeed there are already reports that wood recyclers are dropping the fees they charge to take in wood, as the levels being disposed of go down. The decrease is most noticeable from the construction sector, and is believed to be having a knock on effect on the chipboard and wood panel producers. 109 The markets for virgin untreated wood have developed rapidly in recent years due to the expansion of biomass heating in particular. The use of waste wood has not developed in a similar way. Treated waste wood includes anything that has had a surface coatings applied to it such as paints and varnishes or impregnation with preservative. The Waste Incineration Directive (WID) requires that combustion of wood waste containing heavy metals or halogenated hydrocarbons must meet strict emissions limits; cleaner wood is excluded for the purpose of combustion, but mixtures are usually regarded as contaminated for the purposes of combustion. Thus it is possible to recover energy in the form of power and heat from this contaminated wood, but pollution abatement must be installed to ensure the emissions limits are not 108 Carbon Balances and Energy Impacts of the Management of UK Wastes, Defra R&D Project WRT 237, ERM, 2006, http://www.resourcesnotwaste.org/members/conf-application-form/Carbon&Waste(ERM).pdf 109 Wood recyclers slash gate fees, 04-02-2009, Lets recycle.com, http://www.letsrecycle.com/do/ecco.py/view_item?listid=37&listcatid=217&listitemid=10989 69
Page 1 and 2:
Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 3 and 4:
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18: Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 67: Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189:
South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
Page 192 and 193:
Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
Page 194 and 195:
Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
show all

to read the full report - Ecolateral by Peter Jones

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?