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80 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Burning 33% Pow er Generation 3% Biodiesel 7% Food 8% Animal Feed 16% Oleochemicals and soap 33% Figure 14 Uses of tallow in the UK (kT p.a.) This is a rather different balance than found when considering the EU as a whole, where a much greater portion of the available tallow goes into animal feed. 134 Energy and Fuels from Tallow The end uses for tallow are changing, as the incentives for the production of biodiesel have made this feedstock attractive for fuel production. With a fixed amount of tallow available on the market, this can only be obtained by diverting tallow from existing applications such as burning or oleochemical and soap production. Tallow derived biodiesel is an established procedure. In the UK tallow bio-diesel is produced through the FAME processes by Argent Energy in Motherwell at their 45 kT per annum capacity site (supplied with both tallow and used cooking oil). Their Ellesmere Port plant is currently under construction with a future capacity of 150 kT. 135 Tallow biodiesel has a higher cetane number than plant oil biodiesel, resulting in cleaner and more efficient burning in diesel engines. However, it also has a higher cloud point because of the high levels of saturated fatty acids. This means that tallow biodiesel tends to crystallise out at low temperatures creating problems in engines. Used neat (100%) tallow biodiesel would not meet the European standard for biodiesel. However, when blended at low percentages into conventional diesel the mixture meets relevant fuel quality standards. Conclusion Tallow is a long established by-product of the rendering process, with constant volumes produced in the UK. Currently all tallow is used for some commercial purpose – traditionally high quality tallow was used in the chemicals and cosmetics industries, while low grade tallow was burnt for heat. The introduction of tallow for bio-diesel has already had a disruptive effect on traditional markets. 134 EFPRA 2008, http://www.efpra.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=21 135 Argent Energy 2008, http://www.argentenergy.com/articles/news/article_51.shtml
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 5.4 Textiles Waste Arising Background It is estimated that more than 1 million tonnes of textiles are thrown away every year, most of which is post-consumer waste. At least 50% of the textiles that are thrown away are recyclable. However, the proportion of textile wastes reused or recycled annually in the UK is only around 25%. 136 Besides postconsumer waste, post-industrial waste arises during yarn and fabric manufacture, the garment-making processes and from the retail industry. Textile waste arises as standard in two waste streams: MSW and C&I. Current Arisings Several sources have identified the proportion of textile waste in MSW as approximately 1.9%. 137 Meanwhile C&I textile arisings are estimated to be 1-2% of the waste stream in Section 4.2. Table 42 Estimated textile waste arising in the UK by region in (‘000 tonnes) Region Textiles Textiles Total (1.9% of MSW) (1.5% of C&I) East Midlands 46 121 167 East of England 58 98 156 London 79 113 191 North East 29 69 98 North West 77 125 202 South East 87 133 219 South West 56 83 139 West Midlands 57 109 166 Yorkshire and Humber 54 167 221 England - Total 542 1019 1560 Northern Ireland 20 24 44 Scotland 65 80 145 Wales 34 117 151 UK - Total 661 1239 1900 Current Disposal Methods At present, the majority of post-consumer textiles are collected by charities such as The Salvation Army, Scope and Oxfam. Such collectors sort the material, selling it on to merchants in the appropriate sectors. The Open University Household Waste Study shows that there has been a year on year increase in the proportion of households served by kerbside recycling collections for textiles: 16.8% in 2002, 29% in 2005 and 44.7% in 2008. Some post-industrial waste is recycled as part of in-house procedures. This is more common in the yarn and fabric-manufacturing sectors. The rest, aside from going to landfill or incineration, is sold to merchants via textile reclamation factories that can handle a huge tonnage of textiles. The main routes for the material are: • High quality second hand clothes and shoes are resorted for sending to charities in the UK and use in developing countries. • Lower quality textiles which are worn out are processed within the factory to produce industrial wiping cloths. 136 Textile recycling information sheet, Waste Online, http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/Textiles.htm, Analysis of household waste composition and factors driving waste increases - Dr. J. Parfitt, WRAP, December 2002. 137 Open University Household Waste Study, Jones, A., Nesaratnam, S., Porteous, A., 2008, Defra: 1.9%, National Household Waste Arising Survey: 1.8% after recycling 81
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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