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90 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 or heavy metals will come under WID, as will the combustion of any source of waste wood that might be contaminated with either of these sets of chemicals. WID sets out details including the operating conditions, including gas temperatures and residence times, limits on emission levels for a range of substance to air and water including dioxins and the monitoring requirements on these substances. Renewable Energy Directive (RED) Published June 2009 The RED, which came into EU law in April 2009, is designed to help states progress towards meeting the EU 2020 target of 20% energy derived from renewable sources. The target for the UK is 15%. 152 Within the RED biomass is defined to include the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal wastes and residues from agriculture and forestry. There are two areas of RED that are important to wastes and residues; these are the conditions provided for biofuels and those for biomass heat and power: Biofuels: Among other things the RED brings in sustainability requirements and reporting requirements for biofuels. Guidance on these will be provided by the EC by early 2010. Biofuels produced from waste and residues (other than agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues) are exempted from some of these sustainability requirements. The RED requires a greenhouse gas emission savings from biofuels of at least 35%, but it also states that the contribution made by biofuels produced from wastes and residues and the lignocellulosic component of biomass will be considered to be twice that made by other biofuels. This is a strong driver for the use of wastes and residues and for the development of processes using the lignocellulosic components of biomass. In addition in the calculation of default values for biofuels (Annex V), the Directive states: “Wastes, agricultural crop residues, including straw, bagasse, husks, cobs and nut shells, and residues from processing, including crude glycerine (glycerine that is not refined), shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the process of collection of those materials.” These default values will be subject to review. This simplification is positive for the use of straw and other harvest residues for energy that would have higher greenhouse gas emissions allocated from cultivation and alternative use under a full life cycle analysis. It would be more negative for manures and food wastes that would expect to be allocated a strong emissions reduction credit for avoided methane emissions from alternative disposal routes. Finally Member States may encourage the use of biofuels which give additional benefits, including the benefits of diversification offered by biofuels made from waste and residues. This adds up to a considerable number of additional incentives to encourage the development of biofuels from wastes and residues. Biomass heat and power: In 2009 the Commission will examine whether or not to introduce sustainability requirements for all biomass for energy (including biomass for heat and power) similar to those for biofuels. The European Commission published the summary report of responses to its recent consultation on the requirement for sustainability criteria for biomass for energy (other than biofuels or bioliquids). This will provide input to the Commission's follow-up report planned for December 2009. 153 An action plan for the implementation of the RED within UK law needs to be prepared by 30 th June 2010. 152 Proposed Directive http://ec.europa.eu/energy/climate_actions/doc/2008_res_directive_en.pdf 153 http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/consultations/doc/results_public_consultation_biomass_sustainability_scheme.pdf
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Renewable Energy Strategy (RES) Published July 2009 As part of the implementation process for RED the UK Government has produced a draft Renewable Energy Strategy. The current draft introduces a number of measures that are of relevance to wastes and residues, including the Renewable Heat Incentive. 154 It also recognises the importance of energy from waste for the UK and discusses measures to encourage WID-compliant combustion and raising awareness of the benefits of bioenergy including energy from waste. In addition it also introduces the concept of sustainability for bioenergy, discusses the potential for imports and discusses the potential for building biomass and waste supply chains in the UK. Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) Entered into force April 2008 The Government’s Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO), which came into effect in April 2008, has since been amended following the conclusions of the Gallagher Review released in July 2008. The RFTO now requires road transport fuel suppliers to ensure that, by 2013, 5% of total road transport fuel supply in the UK is made up of renewable fuels, equivalent to around 2.5 billion litres of fuel per annum. These targets work on a volume basis, and therefore encourage use of the cheapest feedstocks for the generation of biofuels, commonly sugar and starch crops. It is recognised that these biofuels are not the most effective for Greenhouse Gas emissions reduction, and the long term policy is to introduce second generation biofuels with higher GHG savings potentials. GHG savings compared with petrol or diesel are typically 40-70% for biodiesel from oil seed rape and 30-70% for bioethanol from wheat, compared to savings of 86-93% estimated for second generation biofuels. The UK Biomass Strategy 155 Published May 2007 The Biomass Strategy indicates that biomass will have a central role to play in meeting the EU target of 20% renewable energy by 2020, and will likely have a more regional focus than the current energy networks. The Strategy covers the biomass generated as waste and residues, including agricultural residues, both wet and dry; forestry and horticultural residues; biodegradable content of MSW; biodegradable content of Commercial and Industrial waste. It will be necessary to increase the supply from organic waste materials such as manures and slurries, source-separated waste biomass and waste-derived solid recovered fuels. In particular faster growth in the development of AD is desired, including examination of how and whether economic or fiscal instruments can facilitate increased use of AD. The Biomass Strategy introduced a number of key initiatives that are relevant to biomass wastes and residues, including the Biomass Energy Centre web site; 156 the Biomass Capital Grants Scheme; 157 a review of the approach to Anaerobic Digestion 158 and a Woodfuel Strategy, which aims to bring 2 million green tonnes of wood (including forestry residues) onto the market by 2020. Proposed Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) Proposed in the 2008 Energy Bill 154 In fact firm proposals for the Renewable Heat Incentive are introduced in the Heat and Energy Saving Strategy launched by the Government in February 2009. 155 The UK Biomass Strategy, www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/renewablefuel/pdf/ukbiomassstrategy-0507.pdf 156 See: http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/ 157 For further information see: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/fund/ 158 This has lead to a commitment of £10M for the Environmental Transformation Fund to fund AD projects in England. 91
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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