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114 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Although using waste as a resource for energy generation is likely to increase, the output of the UK’s EfW plants above is small compared to the energy generated through traditional methods such as coal power stations. The sum of output described above is 395MW, where as Britain’s traditional power stations’ output was 75,000MW in 2007. 201 Four new EfW plants (with associated recycling and reprocessing facilities) are planned for London in the near future, based on the Mayor of London's Waste Strategy. 202 These are: Dagenham, Newhaven (in East Sussex), Lakeside and Belvedere. The Dagenham proposal includes a proposed gasification plant to process 100,000 tonnes of waste each year and generate 15MW of electricity. Contracts between Shanks, the operator, and Ford, the beneficiary, have been signed but construction has been delayed. The Newhaven site has full planning permission and it is intended that the steam produced will be used for heat energy. 203 The Lakeside EfW Ltd site will be capable of handling 410,000 tonnes of waste per annum and is expected to open in July 2009, 204 while the Belvedere site in South East London is expected to process 600,000 tonnes per annum of waste and generate 66MW of electricity. In addition INEOS Chlor on Merseyside has permission to build a site capable of consuming 800,000 tonnes of stabilised fuel from municipal waste, generating 100MW of electricity and 360MW of heat to be used largely on the chemicals site. International Situation The numbers of EfW plants world-wide continues to grow. Several countries in Europe, for example Denmark and Germany, have a strong history of incineration, and the process is widely accepted by the public. Such countries have found it relatively easy to move to EfW plants in terms of public perception, and as such use of EfW tends to be more widespread. Currently there are at least 91 sites throughout Western Europe that use MSW as the main fuel source for EfW combustion plants. Some of these sites augment the MSW with bio-solids, wood, straw, and hospital waste depending on the site. World wide there are at least 154 industrial scale waste to energy plants, a considerable number are in the USA, while China and Taiwan also have several each. Japan has many functioning EfW facilities as well as numerous straight incinerators. This is due to the policy of waste minimisation that has been pursued for a number of decades, due to the limited land space. Only recently has deriving energy from the waste incineration process become a priority. Of Japan’s 1,301 incinerators in 2006, 293 generated electricity (7,190 GWh per annum). 205 Of these facilities 7.4% do not carry out direct incineration, but convert waste to energy and fuels via other technologies, 206 which represents a 5-fold increase between 2001and 2006. 205 Such technologies are discussed below. 8.2.2 Biomass CHP Plant for Commercial Food Waste In Widnes, Cheshire a combustion biomass CHP plant is operated by PDM, that is heavily utilised by 28 Sainsbury’s stores in Scotland, for disposal of 56,000 tonnes of commercial food waste. 207 The excess electricity generated is fed into the grid, and the heat produced utilised by an adjacent chemicals company. Meat is separated for rendering and packaging for recycling before the waste is burnt. Sainsbury’s intends to extend the scheme to all stores, sending additional material to the CHP biomass 201 Giant offshore wind farms to supply half of UK power, The Sunday Times, 9 th December 2007. 202 London Development Agency Press Release 2007, http://www.lda.gov.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.2127 203 Newhaven Incinerator Clears Final Hurdle, 17.03.09, LetsRecycle.com http://www.letsrecycle.com/do/ecco.py/view_item?listid=37&listcatid=217&listitemid=31241 204 Lakeside EfW Project Update, Viridor Waste Management, http://www.viridor-waste.co.uk/lakeside-energy-from-waste-project-update 205 The status of MSW Management, 2005, http://www.env.go.jp/press/press.php?serial=8277 206 Japan's waste management 2006, published September 2008, Department of Environment Japan, http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/waste_tech/ippan/h18/data/disposal2.doc 207 ENDS Report 409, February 2009, p.18-19, Supermarkets burn food waste as anaerobic digestion shortage bites.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 site at Hartshill, near Nuneaton. Asda is using a similar programme for 20 of its stores, sending some waste to Veolia’s CHP site in Sheffield (included in Table 56 above). PDM have also received planning permission for a £25 million 150,000 tonnes per annum biomass plant close to the above facility in Widnes. 8.2.3 Utilising Wood - C&D Waste, Sawmill products, Forestry Residues Utilising forestry residues is largely carried out on a local scale, with clean wood being used in small scale biomass boilers. In the UK a significant amount of waste wood is used within the wood working industry. For example, wood waste may be used at furniture manufacturing sites to generate process heat. The level of utilisation of such a resource is unpublished, but it has been estimated that there are at least 275 smallscale wood-burning boilers in the UK (0.4 – 3MW), consuming 223,500 tonnes of wood each year in the furniture industry. 208 Such figures do not include throughputs for the larger scale boilers used by the panel board manufacturing industry. One instance of waste wood being processed for utilisation is by Wood Pellet Energy Ltd in County Durham, which collects wood waste from business and households in the region. They convert wood waste, which would otherwise go to board manufacturing, to fuel pellets. Annual production is approximately 12,000 tonnes, with output expected to rise. The pellets produced from ‘clean’ waste wood are then used by Durham County Council to heat twelve of its schools, schools in Northumberland and North Yorkshire and parts of Leeds University. Pellets that have been produced from treated wood can only be used in boilers that are WID compliant such as at Sembcorp Biomass Power Station at Teesside. E.ON received permission in 2008 to build an energy plant at Blackburn Meadows in Sheffield, that uses recycled wood as the fuel source. Construction is expected to begin in 2009, with full commercial operation expected in 2011. It is intended to generate 25 MW of electricity. 209 Table 57 Wood utilising energy generation systems Site and Operator Port Talbot biomass power station Eccleshall Biomass energy RSPB Old Moor Sheffield Road Flats (166 flats), Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council Location Quantity of Wood Generation Capacity Port Talbot, South Wales 120k tonnes forestry and sawmill residues. 13.5MWe Electricity only Staffordshire 20k tonnes wood chip and miscanthus 2.3MWe South Yorkshire 3 tonnes of fuel (12m 3 ) delivered twice per week during winter, once every two weeks during the summer. Barnsley 100m 3 of fuel gives 1 weeks supply in winter and 3 to 4 weeks in summer. 208 Benchmarking wood waste combustion, BFM, 2005, http://www.bfmenvironment.co.uk/images/BFM%20Wood%20combustion%20benchmarking%20-%20full1.pdf 209 E.ON, Blackburn Meadows, http://www.eon-uk.com/generation/1490.aspx 100kW Heating 1 x 320 kW and 1 x 150 kW providing space and water heating Operational 2008 2007 2004 2004 115
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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