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8 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Fuels and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 These factors and how waste is collected and used generally are controlled to an overwhelming degree by legislation and incentives. The European Commission determine the broad direction of policy and further directives and UK legislation determine the detail of its execution. The main measures that will shape the industry and encourage the generation of energy are: The Renewables Obligation – rewards electricity generation from electricity for clean biomass wastes and CHP from all biomass wastes. Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation – will create a market for renewable transport fuels. Future heat incentives – will reward the production of heat and CHP from renewable waste. The Landfill Directive – sets legally binding targets for diversion from landfill of organic material from MSW, national legislation imposes financial penalties for non compliance. Waste Framework Directive – revised and updated it places an emphasis on carbon-efficient resource recovery and requires the bio-waste fraction of MSW to be collected separately to enable composting and digestion. The long term impact of these measures on the flow of waste materials and the proportion diverted to energy is not clear at present. 1.2 The status of those energy technologies with improved resource efficiency An energy system based on the use of wastes and biomass is built up as a chain of several operations. Waste is collected, processed and delivered to a generating plant where it can be converted to heat, power or transport fuels. Each step is delivered by a different sector with its own priorities and constraints. The technologies that have been explored within this study are: • Processes for the manufacture of solid recovered fuels and other manufactured fuels. o Mechanical Biological Treatment o Mechanical Heat Treatment o Wood chips and pellet fuels • Technologies for the conversion of waste to energy products. o Combustion technologies o Anaerobic Digestion o Hydrolysis o Gasification o Pyrolysis Examining the processes that would offer a high energy return from the waste fuel we found that this could be achieved either from application in heat and CHP, or the use in advanced processes such as gasification and pyrolysis. Both cases require fuels that have improved properties and consistency compared with the raw state. Consequently we investigated processes for the manufacture of fuel products from waste streams as a key enabling technology. Manufactured fuels can offer the following benefits • Consistent properties that can be defined and used in contracts making the material a tradable commodity. • Physical and biological stability that makes longer term storage possible and can even out unbalances between the constant supply of waste and the seasonal demand for energy. • An opportunity to manage the properties of the fuel to achieve optimum performance from the energy technology.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Fuels and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 We have identified the following manufactured fuels on sale or planned in the UK. • Solid recovered fuels. These fuels are produced from mixed wastes from the municipal and commercial stream by separating the high heating value components. • Graded waste wood fuels. Waste wood is collected from industry and amenity centres and graded depending on the level of contamination. The grades are then chipped and sold to a specification. • Clean grade wood chips from virgin materials. Wood residues for forestry and sawmills are chipped and potentially dried to meet a specification. • Domestic grade wood pellet fuel from saw mill by-product. Sawmill residues, in particular sawdust, is dried and compressed through a die into small cylinders. This fuel is clean, free flowing and suitable for small scale combustion appliances. • Industrial grade pellet from forestry, cereal processing residue and clean waste wood. This is similar to the domestic pellet but has a higher ash content and larger size. • Thermochemical fuels. These are chars and pyrolysis oils produced close to the point of arising. We also include torrefaction, or high temperature drying in this category. Following a review of the area our conclusions were as follows; • Processes are commercially available for producing fuels from MSW and C&I waste using the heat from composting as the energy for drying. • Processes for the production of fuels using thermal energy to dry and sterilise waste are currently being demonstrated and may offer advantages in providing a more consistent product that is biologically stable for longer periods. • Standards for fuels derived from MSW are being developed but are not as yet widely used. • The production of graded wood waste fuels has expanded rapidly in the last three years. Standards and codes are being adopted by the industry which is aiding acceptance and development. • Clean wood fuels are becoming widespread and standards and codes are being adopted by the industry. • Fuels prepared using pyrolysis and torrefaction have been proposed but as yet are not implemented commercially. • There is no technical constraint for the development of this sector although there are some non technical barriers remaining concerned with the adaptation of codes and standards. The wide variation in the physical and chemical properties of the various waste streams has led to many processes being developed and proposed. For example, the only energy recovery solution for the majority of wet wastes is anaerobic digestion - for dry wastes thermal processes such as combustion are more suitable. Given the wide differences in the technologies we chose to treat the conversion technologies in three categories; combustion, thermochemical processes, and biological processes. 9
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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