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46 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Table 19 Bio-solids Arising in the UK (‘000 dry tonnes) 57 Region 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 England and Wales 941 1137 1249 1280 1221 1369 Scotland 97 N/A 113 113 113 140 Northern Ireland 34 N/A 28 29 34 - Total 1,072 - 1,390 1,422 1,368 - Table 20 shows the sewage waste arising by UK region in dry weight. 60 The bio-solids arising by English region is difficult to calculate since the water companies who produce it operate across regions that do not correspond to the divisions of the development agencies in England. Therefore the bio-solid arisings have been reported according to the water company regions. Table 20 Estimated bio-solids arising by English and Welsh water companies in 2000 61 Region Dry Solids (‘000 tonnes) United Utilities Water 258 Welsh Water 86 Yorkshire Water 154 Anglican Water 180 Wessex Water 82 Southwest Water 56 Northumbria Water 65 Severn Trent Water 262 Thames Water 325 Southern Water 136 Total 1,605 60 Most figures relating to sewage sludge (biosolids) are quoted in terms of dry solids. This is due to the variable water contents of the sludges. Quoting data as dry solids allows comparison between sludges. However, it must be remembered that water is always present in biosolids or sewage sludge. If sewage sludge is 10% dry solids, 90% of the volume will be water and this will also represent a considerable weight. 61 Ofwat 2004, Utilities Summary of Outputs, http://www.ofwat.gov.uk
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Figure 8 Geographical representation of the operating areas of the water companies in England and Wales. 62 Another source of information are the individual water companies, but the level of information reported varies company by company. 4.4.4 Current Disposal Options There are a number of options available for the disposal of bio-solids, each of which are used to a varying degree, as illustrated in Figure 9. Although bio-solids are predominantly disposed of to land currently, this situation may change as discussed below. Application to land Bio-solids are predominately recycled to land, acting as a fertiliser. 63 This is a flexible solution for the wastewater operators as agricultural sites can be changed or sourced relatively quickly in order to meet changing operational needs. Application of bio-solids to land that is being reclaimed is also practiced, as it can help to restore soil nutrients and stability. Bio-solids can be incorporated into spoil to increase the stability, creating a soil 64,65, 66 that contains nutrients enough to support plant growth. 62 Con29DW, Drainage and Water Enquiry, http://www.drainageandwater.co.uk 63 Thames Water 25 year Sludge Strategy, 2008, http://www.thameswater.co.uk/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-54091C65-CAD380F4/corp/sludge-strategy.pdf 64 The Beneficial Use of Sewage Sludge in Land Reclamation, 2004, Water UK, http://www.water.org.uk/static/files_archive/2Sludge_for_Land_restoration_briefing_Notes_v2_march_15.doc 65 Beneficial Effects of Biosolids on Soil Quality and Fertility ADAS Research review 2001-2002 – Environment ADAS Ltd. www.adas.co.uk 66 Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture - FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47 M.B. Pescod 1992 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations www.fao.org/ 47
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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