to read the full report - Ecolateral by Peter Jones

More documents

Recommendations

Info

44 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Table 17 Waste arisings (‘000,000 tonnes) in the UK Year England Wales Scotland 46 Northern Ireland Total MSW 28.5 47 1.8 48 3.0 1.1 49 34.4 C&I waste 67.9 50 5.3 51 7.8 1.6 52 82.6 C&D waste 89.6 53 12.2 54 11.8 5.0 55 118.6 Total 186.0 19.3 22.6 7.7 235.6 Using the prediction figures discussed in preceding sections, Table 18 shows the estimated arisings of municipal solid waste, commercial waste, industrial waste and construction and demolition waste in 2010, 2015 and 2020. These have been produced using the tonnage arisings shown in Table 18 (assuming a baseline year of 2005) and the average growth rates for each of these waste streams determined in this section of the report: MSW growth at 0.75%, Commercial waste at 1%, Industrial waste at 0% and C&I waste at 0%. The total arisings of these waste streams in the UK is estimated to rise from 236 million tonnes in 2005 to 246 million tonnes in 2020 due to the growth in the arisings of both municipal solid waste and commercial waste. Table 18: Estimated future UK waste arisings (‘000,000 tonnes) Year 2005 2010 2015 2020 Municipal Solid Waste 34 36 37 38 Commercial Waste 37 39 41 43 Industrial Waste 45 45 45 45 Construction and Demolition Waste 119 119 119 119 Total 236 239 242 246 The projections of future arisings shown in Table 18 have not considered the potential impacts the current economic situation may have on future waste arisings. The arisings of some waste streams could reduce over the next few years due to the following factors: • Municipal solid waste - Reduction in MSW growth rate due to fewer houses being built, together with continuing waste reduction activities and less spending per household • Commercial waste - Reduction in C&I growth rate, and this could become negative as the number of commercial businesses reduces (the financial situation is anticipated to have more impact on the commercial sector than the industrial sector due to the reduction in the number of jobs in the retail and banking sectors). • Construction and demolition waste – reduction in number of buildings being demolished to start new construction/development projects. Waste arisings for all of these streams could fall over the next few years, but should begin to increase again as economic recovery occurs. 46 Waste Data Digest 8: Key facts and trends. Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, 2008 47 Defra - http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/wastats/bulletin08.htm 48 Municipal Waste Management Report for Wales, 2007-08. Statistics for Wales, October 2008 49 Municipal Waste Management Northern Ireland 2005/06 Summary Report, December 2006 50 Environment Agency 2006 – Strategic Waste Management Assessment 2002/03 51 Environment Agency Wales, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/aboutus/organisation/35675.aspx 52 Commercial & Industrial Waste Arisings Survey 2004/05. Environment & Heritage Service, March 2007 53 Survey of Arisings and Use of Alternatives to Primary Aggregates in England, 2005; Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste. Report for Department for Communities and Local Government by Capita Symonds Ltd, in association with WRc plc, February 2008 54 Survey on the arising and management of construction and demolition waste in Wales in 2005-06. Environment agency Wales 55 Construction and demolition waste survey. Environment and Heritage Service (EHS), 2004
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 4.4 Bio-solids 4.4.1 Definition Sewage is the wastewater collected from homes, industrial premises, offices and commercial premises and carried through the sewerage system to a wastewater treatment works. The residual component, once the clean water has been discharged back into waterways, is the bio-solids, (also known as sewage sludge). 4.4.2 Composition Sewage is mostly water, including drainage waster from car parks, roads and other areas of concrete or tarmac. Sewage contains about 3% solid waste, which reduces to under 1% once it has been screened (i.e. all the grit, fats, soil, sanitary and contraceptive waste are removed) at the sewage treatment works. Human waste forms a relatively small proportion of the total volume of sewage. 56 Sewage goes through several treatment processes at a waste-water works before it is returned to river or the sea in a condition such that no significant pollution or environmental degradation occurs. The main by-product of any sewage treatment works is bio-solids. The treatment and disposal of bio-solids is subject to various regulations. The two most relevant pieces are the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWT Directive), and the Sludge (use in agriculture) Regulations 1989. The Directive details controls for the treatment and disposal of bio-solids, and was the legislation that banned disposal at sea, the option that was widely practiced, before 1998. The Sludge Regulations control the spreading of this material on land. In addition there is the Safe Sludge Matrix from 2001, a voluntary agreement that ensures bio-solids is applied only to certain crops and plants. 57 Sludge from secondary treatment and Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is still very high in water content (>90% in most cases) and is therefore often subjected to further dewatering before final disposal. The dewatering decreases the volume of sludge and hence the cost of transport considerably. Such processes include centrifugation (which can increase the solid content to 24-30%, producing a sludge cake); belt/filter pressing (which can decrease the volume to 10-20% of the un-pressed sludge); and thermal drying (which increases the sludge solids to 80-95% and results in sludge in the form of dust or pellets). These processes are used in particular in larger sewage treatment works where the cost of disposing of large volumes of high liquid content sludge is prohibitive. 4.4.3 Current Arisings Information on the quantity of UK bio-solids arising, and the methods of disposal are release by Defra, up to 2005. 58 Since 1989/90 the level of arisings has increased to 1.4 million tonnes as a result of the UWWT Directive and hence wastewater requiring more treatment. 59 The UK produces some 11 billion litres of waste water every day, which goes to around 9,000 sewage treatment works around the country before the treated effluent is discharged to inland waters, estuaries and the sea. 56 56 Sewage Treatment in the UK, Defra 2002, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/quality/uwwtd/report02/pdf/uwwtreport2.pdf 57 Sewage Sludge, Defra, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/waste/wrsewage.htm 58 e-Digest Statistics, Defra 59 Council Directive 91/271/EEC Urban Waste Water Treatment, 1991, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/consleg/1991/L/01991L0271- 20031120-en.pdf 45
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 43: Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 95 and 96:
Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189:
South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
Page 192 and 193:
Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
Page 194 and 195:
Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
show all

to read the full report - Ecolateral by Peter Jones

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?